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Randi Rajput 5. Microprocessor Mod (CPU, & Parts)

The document discusses the internal architecture of microprocessors. It explains that microprocessors contain complex circuits with tens of millions of transistors that operate at ultra-fast speeds. The key components inside a microprocessor include a control unit, arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), floating point unit, registers, instruction decoder, instruction and data caches, bus interface unit, and memory, I/O, and system buses. The control unit manages the whole microprocessor by tasks such as fetching instructions and data and storing data.

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78 views16 pages

Randi Rajput 5. Microprocessor Mod (CPU, & Parts)

The document discusses the internal architecture of microprocessors. It explains that microprocessors contain complex circuits with tens of millions of transistors that operate at ultra-fast speeds. The key components inside a microprocessor include a control unit, arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), floating point unit, registers, instruction decoder, instruction and data caches, bus interface unit, and memory, I/O, and system buses. The control unit manages the whole microprocessor by tasks such as fetching instructions and data and storing data.

Uploaded by

ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MICROPROCESSOR BASICS AND

THE INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE

E NG R . J O K H I O S U LTAN S A LA H U D D I N
K O H I S TA N I
E . B ( C S ) , E . M ( I T) , CC N A , J NC I A - EX
L E CT U R E R
D E PART M E NT O F CO M P U T E R S Y S T E M S
ENGINEERING
M E H R A N UN I V E R S I T Y O F E N G I NE E R I NG &
T E C HN O L O GY, J A M S H O R O , S I N DH , PA K I S TA N.
MICROPROCESSOR
2

The key element of all computers, providing the


mathematical and decision making ability

Current state-of-the-art microprocessors (Pentium, Athlon,


SPARC, PowerPC) contain complex circuits consisting of
tens of millions of transistors

They operate at ultra-fast speeds – doing over a billion


operations every second

Made up from a semiconductor, Silicon


Engr. JSS Kohistani
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
3

Commonly known as an IC or a chip

A tiny piece of Silicon that has several electronic parts on


it

Most of the size of an IC form the pins and packaging; the


actual Silicon occupies a very small piece of the volume

The smallest components on an IC are much smaller than


the thickness of a human hair
Engr. JSS Kohistani
COMPONENTS ON IC
4

Transistors

Diodes

Resistors

Capacitors

Wires (Printed)

Engr. JSS Kohistani


MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM
5

Microprocessors are powerful pieces of hardware, but not


much useful on their own

Just as the human brain needs hands, feet, eyes, ears, mouth
to be useful; so does the microprocessor

A Microprocessor system is microprocessor plus all the


components it requires to do a certain task

A microcomputer is 1 example of a microprocessor system

Engr. JSS Kohistani


WHAT ARE MICROCONTROLLERS?
6

Micro-controllers are another type of microprocessor


systems

They are generally not that powerful, cost a few dollars a


piece, and are found embedded in video games, VCRs,
microwave ovens, printers, autos, etc.

They are a complete computer on a chip containing direct


input and output capability and memory along with the
microprocessor on a single chip.

Engr. JSS Kohistani


WHAT IS INSIDE A
MICROPROCESSOR?
7

LE T’ S S E E…

Engr. JSS Kohistani


INSIDE A MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor
8
Data
Cache
Memory
Bus Control Arithmetic
RAM Bus Unit & Logic
Interface Unit
I/O Unit
Instruction Registers
System Decoder
Bus
Floating
Point
Unit
Instruction
Cache Registers
Engr. JSS Kohistani
BUS INTERFACE UNIT
9

Receives instructions & data from main memory

Instructions are then sent to the instruction cache, data to


the data cache

Also receives the processed data and sends it to the main


memory

Engr. JSS Kohistani


INSTRUCTION DECODER
10

This unit receives the programming instructions and


decodes them into a form that is understandable by the
processing units, i.e. the ALU or FPU

Then, it passes on the decoded instruction to the ALU or


FPU

Engr. JSS Kohistani


ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
11

Also known as the “Integer Unit”

It performs whole-number math calculations (subtract,


multiply, divide, etc) comparisons (is greater than, is
smaller than, etc.) and logical operations (NOT, OR,
AND, etc)

Engr. JSS Kohistani


FLOATING POINT UNIT
12

Also known as the “Numeric Unit”

It performs calculations that involve numbers represented in


the scientific notation (also known as floating-point numbers).
This notation can represent extremely small and extremely
large numbers in a compact form
Floating-point calculations are required for doing graphics,
engineering and scientific work
The ALU can do these calculations as well, but will do them
very slowly

Engr. JSS Kohistani


REGISTERS
13

Both ALU & FPU have a very small amount of super-fast


private memory placed right next to them for their
exclusive use. These are called registers

The ALU & FPU store intermediate and final results from
their calculations in these registers

Processed data goes back to the data cache and then to


main memory from these registers

Engr. JSS Kohistani


CONTROL UNIT
14

The brain of the microprocessor

Manages the whole microprocessor

Tasks include fetching instructions & data, storing data,


managing input/output devices

Engr. JSS Kohistani


FEEDBACK
15

GET READY

Engr. JSS Kohistani


Microprocessor
Data
Cache
Memory
Bus Control Arithmetic
RAM Bus Unit & Logic
Interface Unit
I/O Unit
Instruction Registers
System Decoder
Bus
Floating
Point
Unit
Instruction
Cache Registers
Engr. JSS Kohistani 16

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