DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

The Analysis of Information

Structure
 The Nature of Information Structure

Information structure (IS) is one aspect of the textual organization

of language.
It refers to the organization of a text in terms of the functions
Given and New
Halliday stated that speaker ‘s/writer’s information intents to
The nature of encode the content of the clause/sentence (the unit structure in
IS grammatical system).

Given refers to “information that is presented by the speaker as

recoverable to the listener” (Halliday, 2000, p.298)

New refers to “information that is presented by the speaker as not

recoverable to the listener” (Halliday, 2000, p.298).
Eg: Halwa will come here today.
1. Halwa will come here (given information)
2. Today (New information).
 LANGUAGE HISTORY OF
INFORMATION STRUCTUR
Subject & Predicate
The term of subject refers to noun/nomina
)Plato & Aristotle then predicate refers to “verb”.
Syntax analysis Eg: Kridayanti (s) becomes new Indonesian
Legislative Assembly member (DPR) (pr)

;)Praha Argument(
Topic & Comment, Tema & Rema, and new
History of Haliday, Syntax & information & given information.
Information Semantic Tone of speaking focuses on noun/verb/
Structure Analysis)/functional lexical word. It gives the emphasizing on the
approach topic or new information.

Chafe is more interested in arangement of

Chafe, knowledge discourse. He assumes that discourse arangement
approach based on speaker/wrtiters’
understanding/knowldge on the knowledge
discipline in (packaging message). It doesn’t refer
to semantic approaches.
The Nature of Information Structure

Chafe, the relevant package of information refers to noun/noun

phare. It can be identified in some categories:
(a) New-given information
CHAFE, (b) focus on contrast,
Package (c) definit or indefinit,
analysis (d) Subject in a sentence,
(e) Sentencial topic, and
(f) speakers’writers discourse/framwork regarding to the
phenomena & other arguments which encaurage hearers/readers
to involve in their discourses.
 The Nature of Information Structure

Information structure (IS) is one aspect of the textual

organization of language.
It refers to the organization of a text in terms of the functions
Given and New
The nature of
IS (Information
Given refers to “information that is presented by the speaker as
Structure)
recoverable to the listener” (Halliday, 2000, p.298)

New refers to “information that is presented by the speaker as

not recoverable to the listener” (Halliday, 2000, p.298).
Eg: Halwa will come here today.
1. Halwa will come here (given information)
2. Today (New information).
 PINJOL ILLEGAL
https://youtu.be/osnAWTg9rrQ
 Tone Anlaysis Hallyday’s theory

a. // oh / baru aku / SADAR //

b. // masa / studiku telah / BERUJUNG //
c. // yang / dahulunya / PANJANG //
Halliday Tone d. // dan / seolah / tiada / BATAS //
analysis e. // namun / kini / tiada / LAGI //

//She has Married//

//Oh, you are students//
.
 The Nature of Information Structure

Topic refers to “the entity, in a sentence, about which

something is said” (Asher.R.E. and Simpson.J.M.Y, 1994,
p.5181). In the same line, it refers to what extent is being
. spoken about
The nature of
e.g., “the books” in “The books were all on the bookshelf” is
Topic &
the topic here jhon will attand, the word of “jhon” is as a
Comment
.topic

Comment refers to “the part of a sentence which says

something about the topic of the sentence” (Asher R.E. and
.Simpson J.M.Y, 1994, p.5103)
e.g., “were on his head” in “His spectacles were on his head”
is the comment here
 The Nature of Presupposition
Presupposition: the assumption made in an utterance or
discourse, the given which can be inferred from what is stated
(Asher R.E. and Simpson J.M.Y, 1994, p.5160).

e.g., from “Has your cat recovered?” it can be inferred that

listener owns a cat and that the cat has suffered some illness,
accident, or the like
The nature of
Presupposition

Presupposition: Something the speaker assumes to the care

prior to making an uterance (Yule, 1996:26).

e.g., a. Sintia’s cat is cute

b. Sintia has a cat
it can be inferred that listener knows to sintia that she has a
cat.
 The clasification of Presupposition
1. Existential ;It focuses on define noun phrase
Presupposition

2. Factive ;It focuses on factive verbs

Presupposition
It focuses on iterative adverbs which means
that the use of one form with its asserted
3. Lexical
meaningis conventionally interpreted with the
Presupposition
Presupposition presupposition that another (non-asserted)
Types meaningis understood
4. Structural
Presupposition It focuses on W-h Question

5. Non Factive
Presupposition It is one that is assumed not to be true

6. Counter
Factual/Opposite It focuses on the opposite of what is true or
Presupposition contrary to facts
?...
 The Nature of Information Structure

Focus is the new material in a sentence (Asher.R.E. and

Simpson J.M.Y, 1994, p.5123). In the same line, it refers to
The nature of . what extant is being said on what is being spoken about
Focus
e.g., if “John fell” is the answer to “Who fell?” “John” is the
”?focus, not so if the question is “What happened
 The Nature of Information Structure

Focus typically characterized as the answer to an (explicit or

.)implicit question

:Von Heusinger (1999) (discussing an observation by Paul (1880)) .1

A sentence “can have different intonation centers on different
Focus of ”.constituents corresponding to an explicit or implicit question
Answer Halliday (1967): “A specific question is derivable from any .2
Characters ”.information unit except one with unmarked focus
Focus is the instantiation of the missing variable in an open
proposition (Lambrecht 1994; Prince 1992)
Jasinskaja et al. (2004): “One of the contexts most universally .3
acknowledged as a diagnostic for focus are question-answer
.pairs
Thanks