SPEED CONTROL OF DC

MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH

MODULATION
.
 Content : : 
• Introduction
• D.C. motor
Working principle
Types of motor
• Method of speed control
Pulse width modulation
Circuit diagram & its description
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Application
• Conclusion
 Introduction : :
• Almost all the machine in industries operated
using electrical motors. Among them most of
motors are DC motors.
• DC series motor is specially used for traction,
electric locomotive, trolley systems, cranes and
conveyor belt.
• All these works require frequent speed control
for preparation of job.
• A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be
used to control the speed of the motor.
 Working Principle: : 
• A machine that convert d.c power into
mechanical power.
• It is based on electromagnetism i.e. when a
current carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field there is some mechanical force
exerted on the current carrying conductor which
is perpendicular to both the conductor and the
magnetic filed.
• The most common DC motor types are the shunt
wound and series wound types.
 Shunt wound motor : : 

• Shunt wound motor are used for driving constant

speed shafts, centrifugal pumps, blower & pumps
etc.
• The characteristics of a DC shunt wound motor
give it very good speed regulation, and it is
classified as a constant speed motor, even
though the speed does slightly decrease as load
is increased.
• Shunt-wound motors are used in industrial and
automotive applications where precise control of
speed and torque are required.
 Series wound motor : : 
• The advantage of a Series Wound Motor is that
it develops a large torque and can be operated
at low speed.
• It is a motor that is well-suited for starting heavy
loads; it is often used for industrial cranes and
winches where very heavy loads must be moved
slowly and lighter loads moved more rapidly.
• DC series motor is specially used for traction,
electric locomotive, trolley systems, cranes
hoists and conveyor
 Speed control of dc motor : :
•  The purpose of a motor speed controller
is to take a signal representing the
required speed, and to drive a motor at
that speed.
• Motor speed can be controlled by
controlling
Armature voltage (Va)
Armature current (Ia)
 CONTINUED…
 It is obvious that the speed can be
controlled by varying flux/pole,
 (Flux Control) resistance
 Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control)
applied voltage
 V (Voltage Control)
 CONTINUED…..
• The above methods have some demerits
i.e
• A large amount of power is wasted in the
controller resistance. Hence, efficiency is
decreased.
• It needs expensive arrangement for
dissipation of heat produced in the
controller resistance.
• It gives speeds below the normal speed.
 Electronic Speed Control
Methods for DC Motors : : 
• compared to the electric and
electromechanical systems of speed
control, the electronic methods have
 higher accuracy
 greater reliability
 quick response
 higher efficiency  
 Principle : : 
• The main principle is control of power by varying the duty
cycle.
• Here the conduction time to the load is controlled.
• Let
 for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the load ie
ON state.
 for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero.
 The average voltage at output is given by
Va = 1/T  vodt = t1/T Vs = ft1 Vs = kVs
the average load current Ia = Va/R = KVs/R
where T is the total time
period =t1+t2 k = t1/T
is the duty cycle
 CONTINUED….
• The rms value of output voltage is V0 = ( i/T 
V02 dt ) ½ = k Vs The output power and is given
by Pi = 1/T  v0idt = 1/T  v02/R dt = kVs2/R
The duty cycle can be varied from 0 to 1 by
varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the output voltage
V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by controlling k,
and the power flow can be controlled. As the
time t1 changes the width of pulse is varied and
this type of control is called pulse width
modulation (PWM) control.
 Pulse Width Modulation : :
• Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a
method for binary signals generation,
which has 2 signal periods (high and low).
• The width (W) of each pulse varies
between 0 and the period (T).
• The duty cycle (D) of a signal is the ratio
of pulse width to period. D=(t1+t2) / T
• High Speed Signal 90
(90%) :  80
• High Speed Signal 70
(90%) The signal at 60

the right shows the 50

East
motor on for most of 40 West
30
the time. The white North
20
dips indicate when
10
the motor isn’t
0
receiving power. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr
100%
90%
80%
70%
60% North
50% West
40% East
30%
20%
10%
0%
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
 Pictures of the Waveform : : 

• The motor is on for 90

most of the time and 80

only off a short while, 70

60
so the speed is near
50
maximum 40
East
West
• The switch is on 50% 30 North
and off 50%. The 20
10
motor will only rotate
0
slowly. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr
 Signal With The Motor Half
Speed (50%)
 Signal With The Motor Half Speed (50%)
The signal at the right shows the motor
receiving power half the time.
 Low Speed Signal (10%) :
• Low Speed Signal (10%) The signal at the
right shows the low speed signal which
turns the motor slowly
 Circuit Description : : 
• Circuit Description :
Power supply
Motor Controller
 Circuit Description: :
 The transformer is a center tap 12-0-12V
500mA and supply 12v to the circuit.
 The i/p sine wave is rectified by using full wave
rectifier which convert it to one constant polarity.
 A 1000Fcapacitor is used for filtration purpose.
The three terminal voltage regulators 7812
provides regulated DC 12 v outputs for the
operation of the circuit.