Vector

5 Calculus
5.1. Introduction

Vector calculus was developed from quaternion analysis by J. Willard Gibbs (February 11,
1839 – April 28, 1903) and Oliver Heaviside (18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) near the end
of the 19th century.

J.WILLARD GIBBS OLIVER HEAVISIDE

Scalars and Vectors

The term scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by a single real
number. The x, y and z we used in basic algebra are scalars, and the quantities they represent
are scalars. If we speak of a body falling a distance h in a time t, or the temperature T at any
point in a bowl of coffee whose coordinates are x, y and z then h, t, T, x, y and z are all scalars.
5.2 Engineering Mathematics –
I

Other scalar quantites are mass, density, pressure (not force), volume. Voltage is also a scalar
quantity, although the complex representation of a sinusoidal voltage.

A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space. We shall be

concerned with two and three dimensional spaces only, but vectors may be defined in n-
dimensional space in more advanced applications. Force, velocity acceleration and a straight
line from the positive to the negative terminal of a storage battery are examples of vectors.
Each quantity is characterized by both a magnitude and a direction.

In Vector Algebra we mostly deal with constant vectors, viz. vectors which are
constant in magnitude and fixed in direction. In Vector Calculus we deal with variable vectors
i.e. vectors which are varying in magnitude or direction or both. Corresponding to

each value of scalar variable t, if there exists a value of the vector 𝐹⃗, then 𝐹⃗ is called a

vector function of the scalar variable and is denoted as 𝐹⃗= 𝐹⃗(𝑡). For example, the position of a
particle that moves continuously on a curve in space varies with respect to time t. Hence the
position vector 𝑟⃗⃗ ⃗ of the particle with respect to a fixed point is a function of time t, i.e. 𝑟⃗=

𝑟⃗(𝑡).

Also the position vector of the particle varies from point to point. Hence it can also
be considered as a function of the point If the points are specified by their rectangular
𝑟⃗ a function of the scalar variables x, y, z i.e. =
cartesian co-ordinates (x,y,z), then is 𝑟⃗

𝑟⃗(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

A physical quantity , that is a function of the position of a point in space, is called a

scalar point function or a vector point function, according as the quantity is a scalar or vector.
Temperature at any point in space and electric potential are examples of scalar point
functions. Velocity of a moving particle and gravitational force are examples of vector point
functions.

When a point function is defined at every point of a certain region of space, then that
region is called a field. The field is called a scalar field or a vector field, according as the
Vector Calculus 5.3

point function is a scalar point function or vector point function. In vector Calculus, though
differentiation and integration of vector time functions and vector point functions are dealt
with, we will be concerned with the latter only.

Vector functions

If for each value of a scalar variable t in some interval (a, b) or [a,

b], there   

corresponds a unique vector F , then F is called a vector function of t. It is denoted by F t  .

  
Let i , j, k be any three
 unit vectors

along three

mutually

perpendicular fixed directions, then

we may write F t  = F1 t  i  F2 t  j  F3 t  k , where F1 (t) , F2 (t) , F3 t are

Limit of a vector function
scalar functions of t and are called the components of the vector.
 

A vector function F t  is said to tend to a constant vector A as limit, when t approaches t0,
   
Lt
if the length of the vector F t   A approaches zero. It is F t  
t  t0
denoted by A

5.1.1 Derivative of a vector function with respect to a scalar

 

Let r = F t  be a vector function of the scalar variable t and t be a small increment in t. If

   
r F t   t  F t dr
Lt  Lt exists, then the value of this limit is denoted by and is
t 0 t t  t dt
0

called the derivative of r with respect to t.
5.4 Engineering Mathematics – I

Velocity and acceleration


 
dr
If r is the displacement at any time t of a moving point, then velocity V = and
dt

d 2r
acceleration = at t.
dt 2

Note :

   
1. F t  = F1 t  i  F2 t  j  F3 t

d kF dF1  dF2  dF3 

2.  i
dt dt j


k dt
d
3. If C is a constant vector
dt C =0
then
 dt 
d f t  d g  t 

d  f t  
 g t =

4. 
 
dt  dt dt
  

d  f t   g t  = d f t   d g t

5.
 
dt 
  dt
dt
Example 1
   
    d r d 2r d r d 2
, , .
If r  t 2 i  t j   2t 1 k , find at t = 0, the values of dt , dt 2 r dt dt2

Solution
   
r = t 2 i  t j  2t 1 k


dr   
= 2t i  j  2
dt k
Vector Calculus 5.5

 
   
d r 0i j2
 dt  k
t 0

dr
= 0 2  1  2 2 =
2

dt 1 4 = 5
t 0
2 
 
  
dr = 2i0 j0
 dt 2   k

d 2r
= 400 =
dt2 2

Example 2

     
If r = 5t 2 i t j  t3 k and s = sin t i  cos t j . Find the values of (i) d  r. s

dt  
(ii) d  r s  (iii) d  r. r
    
dt dt

Solution
 
 
   
 2
(i) r . s =  5t i  t j  t k  . sin
2
 t i  cos t j  = 5t sin t  t cos t

d  r 
dt   dt

. s = d 5t 2 sin t  t cos t 
 5t 2 cos t 10t sin t  t sin t  cos t  5t 2 cos t 11t sin t 
cost

 (5t2 1) cos t 11t sin t

5.6 Engineering Mathematics – I

 

  i j
(ii) r  s = k
5t 2 t
t 3

  
0t t cos
= i sin t j 0 0t sin3 t  k  5t 2cos t  t sin
3 cos t

t
d    3
 2

3 2

2


dt  
r  s  = t sin t  3t cos t
  i  (t cos t  3t sin t) j  (5t sin t sin t 11t cos
t) k      
3   
 2 2 3
(iii) r . r =  5t i  t j  t k .  5t i  t j  t k = 25t4  t 2  t 6
d    3
5

 
Partial derivatives

Consider a vector function F of two independent variables u and v.
The partial


derivative of F u, v with respect to uis defined by

F F u   u, v F u,v
= lim provided the limit exists.
u u0 u

5.1.2 Scalar and vector fields

Scalar point function

Let R be a region of space at each point of which a scalar  =  (x, y, z) is given, then

 is called a scalar point function and R is called a scalar field.

Vector Calculus 5.7

Vector point function

 
Let R be a region of space at each point of which a vector v  v (x, y, z) is given,

then v is called a vector point function and R is called a vector field.

Vector differential operator

    

The vector differential operator  (read del) is defined as  = i j k .

x y z


 is a symbolic vector where i , j , k are unit vectors along the three rectangular axes OX, OY, OZ .

5.2 GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FIELD

Let  (x, y, z) be a scalar point function and is continuously differentiable. Then the

   i  j  k  is called the gradient of the

          
vector    i  j  k
 x y z  x y z
scalar function  and is written as grad . (i.e.) grad   .
5.2.1 Geometrical interpretation of gradient

If a surface  (x, y, z) = c is drawn through any point P such that at each point on the
surface, the function has the same value as at P. Such a surface is called level surface through
P. Hence  is normal to the surface  (x, y, z) = c. Let    nˆwhere nˆis a unit

normal vector to the surface.


(i.e.) The unit normal vector nˆ= . 


Hence the gradient of a scalar field  is a vector normal to the surface  =c and has a

magnitude equal to the rate of change of  along this normal.

5.8 Engineering Mathematics – I

5.2.2 Angle between two surfaces

1.2 . Hence
The angle  between two surfaces  and 1 is given
2 by cos  1  2

the two surfaces 1 and2 are orthogonal when 1.2 = 0.

5.2.3 Directional derivative

The directional derivative of a scalar point function  in a given direction is the rate
of change of  in that direction. It is given by the component of grad in that direction.

(i.e.) The directional derivative of a scalar point function  (x, y, z) in the direction
of a
a
is given by   . nˆwhere nˆ a.

5.2.4 Properties of gradient

Property 1. If f and g are any two scalar point function, then   f  g  = f  g

Proof : By definition of  ,
 f  g =  i   j       f  g
 k x y z 
 
( f  g)  j ( f  g)  k 
 fg

=i
x y z

 f g    f g    f
g 
= i  x  x   j  y  y   k  z
  z  

  f  f  f    g  g 

= g
i   j k  i  j k
  x
  y  z   x
    y z  
=  i  j  k  f   i   j  k  g
 x y z  
x y z 
  f  g = f  g
Vector Calculus 5.9

Note :

Similarly we can prove that   f  g  = f  g

 
(i.e.) grad  f  g  = grad f  grad g

Property 2. If f and g are two scalar point functions then   fg = f g  gf

 
Proof. By definition
  fg  = i  j       fg
 k x y z 

= i  ( fg)  j ( fg)  k
 fg 
  

x y z
 
= i f  g   j  f  g   k  f   g 
g
x x f  y g y f  z g
z f 
     
g  f
  g  f  g  f
=if ig jf jg kf kg
x x y y z z


  g  g  g    f  f  f 
=fi j k gi j k 
 x y y  x
 y y 
  fg  = f g  gf


(i.e.) grad (f g) = g grad f   f grad g  .
Property 3. Gradient of a constant is
zero.

Proof. Let  (x, y, z) = C (a constant)

x y
     
z  
 = = =0
=i j k
 x y z
 = 0.
Example 1
5.10 Engineering Mathematics –
I

A scalar field  is defined by  (x, y, z) = 3x2 z  xy  5 . What are the scalars at the
points (0, 0, 0), (1, -1, 1), (1, 0, -2).
Solution

Given that  (x, y, z) = 3x2 z  xy  5

 (0, 0, 0) = 3(0)  0  5 = 5

(1, 1,1) = 3(1)2 (1)  (1)(1)  5 = 9

(1, 0, 2) = 3(1)2 (2)  0  5 = 1

Example 2

   
If F = 3xyz2 i  2xy3 j  x2 y2 k find what is the vector at the point (1,-1,2)

Solution
  

Given that F
= 3xyz2 i  2xy3 j  x2 y2 k
   
F (1, 1,  
= 3(1)(1)(2)2 i  2(1)(1)3 j  (1)2 (1)2 k = 12 i  2 j  k
2)
Example 3

    r  
 = = r , (ii) rn  nr n2 r , where r | r |

If r = x i  y j  z k , prove that (i)  r
r
Solution
 
 
(i) Given r = x i  y j  zk

r= | r | =
...(1)
x2  y2  z2
  
r2 ==x2  y2  z2 
 
r  i  j  k  r

x y z
Vector Calculus 5.11

 r  r  r
...(2)
=i j k
x y z
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, y, and z, we get

r r x
2r x = 2x  x  r

r r y
2r y = 2 y 
y  r

r r z
2r z = 2z  z 
Equation (2) becomes r

i  y j  z k 
= i x  j y  k z = 1  x 
 r
  
 
r r r r
r
= = rˆ
 r
r

(ii) Consider  rn
      n
rn rn
 rn
 
=i j k r =i  
 x y z  x j k
 y
= i nr  j nr 
 k nr 
n1 r
x n1 r
y n1 r z

z
i r  j r k  r
= nr n1 x y z  
 

r 
= nrn1r = nrn1 n 2

r = nr r.

Example 4

  1
Find  r n  . Deduce that (i)  2 r  = 0, (ii)   r n  =
0.
Solution
5.12 Engineering Mathematics – I

 2   2  2  r n
 =
2 n
We know that  r  x
2 2
y2
z 


 
=   2 r n   2 r n   2 r n 
2 2 2

 x y z 
  
 r   r   r 
= nr n1
nr n1
  nr n1
x  x y 
y  z z 
  n1 x    n1 y   n1
z
= x  nr r  y  nr r  z  nr r

 n2  
= n 

r n2
x 
y
r y  rn2 z 
z
x 
 
 
n2
r   y(n  r  
= n  r  x(n  2)rn3  n2 n3

 x  2)r 
y  
r
 r 
n  r n2  z(n  n3

2)r z 
  n2 
r  x(n  n3 r    r n2  y(n  n3 r  

  2)r x  2)r
 y  
= n 
 r 
   r n2  z(n  n3

 2)r z  
 n(3r  (n  2)r (r ))  n(3r  (n  2)rn2 )
n2 n4 2 n2

 n(rn2 (3  n  2)) = n(n 1)rn2

Putting n = -1, we get

 2 r 1  = (1)(11)r12

1
2   = 0
r 
Vector Calculus 5.13

 

(i)

  r  =  nr
n
n2


r = nr
n2
  r  = nr 0 = 0
 
n2
(  r
0)
Example 5
    r

x z and r  | r | prove that (i)  1   3
If r = x i  y j  r  r
 
r  r
(ii) f (r)  f '(r)  f '(r) r (iii)  f (r)  r  0 (iv) (log r)
r  r2
Solution

   
Given r = x i  y j  zk

r= |r| = x2  y2  z2

r 2 = x2  y2  z2 ...(1)
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x, y, and z, we get

r r x
2r x = 2x  x  r

r r y
2r y = 2 y  y  r

r r z
2r z = 2 z  

z
1   
 r  =
 
 1
 i j  k 
r  x y z  r  
(i) Consider
  1   1   1

=  
i  j k
 x z r1   r 
r r 1  y r  r
1
   2  k
=  i x r   jy  r2  

z  r2 
 
5.14 Engineering Mathematics – I

  r 

ri  j  1 
  r 
=  k x y z r2
 
  
  
  x  y  z  1  =  1  x i  y j  z k  =
r

=  i r  j r   2   2 
r  r  
r  r r  
r  r 
3

k

1   
 r
     
 r   r3 
 
(ii) Consider

     
 f (r) = i f (r)  j f (r)  k f (r)
x y z
 r  r  r

= i f '(r)  j f '(r)  k f '(r)

x
  
y  z

= f '(r) 
x i  y j  z k 
r

r
= f '(r)
r
= f (r) r   (Refer example-3)


(i.e.)  f (r)  = f (r)r
 

r
  f (r) = f '(r) = f (r)r 
r
   

 
(iii) f r  r = f '(r) 
r rr
f '(r)    
= r  r  r  = 0
r r  0

(iv)  log r =  i   j      log

k  x y z  r
 

=  i   log r  j  log r  k  log 
r x y z 

Vector Calculus 5.15

   1  r 
 1  r   1  r

=  i r x  j r y  k  r  z  

   1  x  
 1  y    1  z  
= i 
  r  j
 r   r  r  k r r 



r

  log r =
r2
Example 6
2  n 


r  = n  n  3 r

Prove that  r
n2 r

Solution
   
r=xiyjzk

𝜕𝑟     

𝜕 = x (x i  y j  z k )  i
𝑥
 
r 
r 
Similarly = j and
y =k
z
2 n  n 

      2   2
2 2 2

 r r =  rr
 x y z
2
 
n  n  n 
  
=   2  r r 
2 2
2
  rr    r ...(1)
2  
 x   y   z  r 
2

n  n 
 
Consider  2 r 
2

x r   r r 
  x x  

 r 
=   nr n1 r  rn
r
x  x x 
5.16 Engineering Mathematics – I



=   nrn1 x r  r n r 
r
x  x 
n


  n1 x r  r i
 
= nr r
x  
n 

  n2    
nr x r    r i  
x 
=
x


r 
 
n2 
r  n2
r  n n  2 r n3 r
= nr n1 i  nr x  nr xr
x x x

x  
r  n n  2 

= nr n1 i  nrn 2 x i  n2 n3 xxr
nr r
r 
r
 
= nr n2 x i  nr n2 x i  nr n2 r  n n  2 r n4 x 2 r  
  

= 2nr n2
x i  nr n 2
r  n n  2 r n4 2
x r
n 
 
2  n2 
r  n n  2 r n4 x2 r

...(2)
 xi
n2
x  r r 
2 = 2nr
nr
Similarly
n 
 
2
  n2
yj

r  n n  2 r n4 2y r

...(3)
 n2
y  r r  = 2nr
2
nr
n 
 
n 2
n n  2 r n4 z2 r
2 
  n2
...(4)
 r r  = 2nr z k  nr r
z 2   
From equation (1), we get
2  n 
 
r  n n  2 r n4 x2 r
 
 r r  = 2nr
n2
xi n2

nr
 

2nr n2 y j  nr n2 r  n n  2 r n4 y 2 r 
Vector Calculus 5.17

 

2nr n2 z k  nr n2 r  n n  2 r n4 z 2 r

    
= 2nr n2
( x i  y j  z k )  3nr n2
r  n n  2 r n4
r (x  y  z )
2 2 2

  
= 2nr n2 r  3nr n2 r  n n  2 r n4 r r 2 
 

= nr n2
r 2  3  n  2  = n n  3 r n 2
r
Example 7

Find the unit vector normal to the surface x2  2 y 2  z 2  7 at (1, 1, 2)

Solution

Let  = x2  2 y2  z2  7
     
   2
=  i x  j y  k  x  2 y  z  7
2 2

z   
= 2x i  4 y j  2z
k   
(1,1,2) = 2 i  4 j  4 k
  
2i4j4

Unit normal vector = | = | k2
2  4   4 2
2

        
2i4 j4 2i4 j4 2i4j4
= =
k k k
= 4 16 36 6

16 
i2j2
=
k 3
5.18 Engineering Mathematics – I

  

i2j2
 Unit normal vector n
k 3
=
Example 8
Find a unit normal vector to the surface x2 y  2xz 2  8 at the point (1, 1, 2)

Solution

Let  = x2 y  2xz 2  8
     x2 y  2xz2 

  
=  i x  j y  k 
8 
z  
= 2xy  2z i  x j  4xz k
2 2

   

 (1,1, 2) = 10 i  j  8 k
 = 100 1 64 = 165
  

 10 i  j 
Unit normal vector =
8k 165
n=
|  |
Example 9

Find a unit normal vector to the surface xy3 z 2  4 at the point (1, 1, 2) .

Solution

Let  = xy3 z 2  4


   32
   32
= i x xy z  4 + j y xy z  4 + k z xy z  4    32


  

= i y z 3 2
+ 3xy z  j + 2xy z k
22 3


Vector Calculus 5.19

  

 (1,1, 2) = 4 i 12 j  4

k
 = 16 144 16 = 176

4i 12 j 
Unit normal vector
4k 176
n =
Example 10

Find the angle between the normals to the surface xy  z2 at the points (2, 2, 2) and

(1, 9, 3) .
Solution

Let  = xy  z 2
  

 =
  j       xy  z2 = y i  x j  2z
 i
k x y z  k

  

1 =   ( 2, 2,

= 2 i  2 j  4
2) k
  

2 =   (1,9, 3)

=9i j6
k
1.2
The angle between the normal’s to the surface is cos =
| 1 | . | 2 |
  
  
  

cos =  2 i  2 j  4 k .  9 i  j  6 k

 24 118

18  2  24 44
 
24  118 708 1
 44  22 
  cos 1   
 708   cos  177 
Example 11
Find the angle between the surfaces x2  y 2  z 2  11 and xy  yz  zx  18 at the point
(6, 4, 3) .
5.20 Engineering Mathematics – I

Solution

Let 1= x2  y2  z2 11

2 = xy  yz  zx 18
   
1 =       x 2 y 2 z 11
2

 i x j
y
k 
z
  
= 2x i  2 y j  2z
k   
 1 (6,4,3)  12 i  8 j  6
k
   
2 =       xy  yz  zx 
 i j k 
x y z 18
 

=  y  z i  x  z j   y  x
 k  

  (6,4,3)  i9 j2

2
k
| 1 | = 144  64 
36 = 244

| 2 | = 1 81 4 =
1 .2 86
cos  =
The angle between|  1surfaces
the || 2 |

   
   

 12 i  8 j  6 k  .  i  9 j  2 k
=   

244 86
12  72
=
12244 86
48 48
= =
24486 20984
Vector Calculus 5.21

 48   24 
  cos 1   cos1 
 20984   5246 
Example 12

Find the angle between the surfaces x2  y 2  z 2  9 and z  x2  y 2  3 at the point

(2, 1, 2) .
Solution
1 = x2  y2  z 2  9, 2 = x 2  y2  z  3
  
  
1 = 2x i  2 y j  2z k , 2 = 2x i  2 y j  k
  

  (2,1,2) = 4 i  2 j  4
1
k
 
= 4 i  2 j 
 (2,1,2)
2 k
| 1 | = 16  4 16 = 36 = 6

| 2 | = 16  4 1 = 21
The angle between 1 and 2 is given by

1 .2
cos  =
| 1 || 2 |

   
  

 4 i  2 j  4 k  .  4 i  2 j  k 16  4  4
  = =
= 166 21
  6 21 6 21


  cos1  821
3
Example 13
Show that the surface 5x2  2yz  9x  0 and 4x 2 y  z 3  4  0 are orthogonal at

(1, 1, 2) .
5.22 Engineering Mathematics – I

Solution
Let 1= 5x 2  2yz  9x
2 = 4x y2  z  4 3

  
1  (10x  9) i  2z j  2 y
k   

 1 (1,1,2)  i  4 j  2
k
  
2= 8xy i  4x2 j  3z2 k
  

 (1,1,2) = 8 i  4 j 12 k

2

 

   

1.2 =  i  4 j  2 k  .  8
 i  4 j 12 k  =8 16  24 =0

 cos = 0  
 The surfaces are orthogonal at the point (1, 1,
 90 0
2)
Example 14

Find the constants a and b, so that the surfaces 5x 2  2yz  9x  0 and ax2 y  bz3  4

may cut orthogonally at the point 1, 1, 2 .  

Solution
If two surfaces are said to cut orthogonally at a point of intersection, then the respective
normals at that point are perpendicular .

Let 1 = 5x2  2yz 

9x
    
 j  k 5 x 2  2 yz  9 x 
  
 =  i
1
x y z
  
 
= 10x  9 i  2z j 2 y k
  

  (1,1,2) = i  4 j  2
1
k
Vector Calculus 5.23
Let 2 = ax y  bz  4
2
3

   
2 =       ax 2y  bz 3 4 
 i j k 
x y z
2 

 
2


=  2axy i  ax j  3bz k  

 
2 =   2a i  a j 12bk
(1,1,2)
 
 
Since the two surfaces are said to cut orthogonally at a point, 1.2 =0 .

 

  




(i.e.) i  4 j  2 k  .  2a i  a j 12b k =

0
2a  4a  24b = 0
(i.e.)
6a  24b = 0
...(1)
a  4b = 0
Since (1, 1, 2) is a point of intersection of the two surfaces, it lies on ax2 y  bz3  4

a  =4 ...
8b (2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get
(1) – (2)  4b  4  b=1 Substituting

b=1 in (1), we get a 4

Example 15

Find the directional derivative of xyz  xy2 z3 at the point (1, 2, 1) in the direction of
  

the vector i  j  3 k
Solution

Let  = xyz  xy2

    
z3 

=i j k
x y z
5.24 Engineering Mathematics – I

  
= i ( yz  y2 z 3 )  j(xz  2xyz3 )  k (xy  3xy2
z2 )     
 
n ij3k ij3k
n=  = =
n 11 9 11

The directional derivative of xyz  xy z is given by

2 3

  

 k xy  3xy 2 z2  ik  j11 3

 

 .n =  i yz  y z  j xz  2xyz

  2 3 3

.

=  yz  y z  xz  2xyz   3xy  3xy
2 3 3 2

11
z22  4   1 4  32 12
=
11
29
.nˆ (1,2,1) =
11

Example 16

Find the directional derivative of   x2 yz  4xz 2 at the point (1, 2, 1) in the
  
direction 2 i  j  2 k

Solution

Let  = x2 yz  4xz 2

 
 = i  x2 yz  4xz2  j  x2 yz  4xz2  k  x2yz  4xz 2
x y z
 
 
  

= i 2xyz  4z
2
 j x z k x y  8xz
2 2


Vector Calculus 5.25

  

 (1,2,1) = (8 i  j 10 k

)
        
 
n = n =2 i j2 k =2 i j 2 k=2 i  j  2 k

n 4 1  4 9 3

  
  
2i j2
 16  1  20 37
= =
 .n = (8 i  j 10 k ) k 3 3 3
.

Directional derivative 37
=
 .n
3
Example 17

Find the directional derivative of  = 2xy  5yz  zx at the point (1, 2, 3) is the direction
  
of 3 i  5 j  4
k
Solution

Let  = 2xy  5yz  zx

     
 =  i  j k2xy  5yz  zx
 x y z
 

= (2 y  z) i  (2x  5z) j  (5y 
 x) k      

n = n=
 3i5 j4k 3i5 j4
=
9  25 k 50
n
16

   
 
  
  3 i  5 j  4k
 .n =  (2 y  z) i  (2x  5z) j  (5y  x) k .  
  
 
3(2 y  z)  5(2x  5z)  4(5 y  50
=
x) 50
5.26 Engineering Mathematics – I

 
 3(4  3)  5(2 15)  4(10
  .n  =
 50
1,2,3 1)
21 85  44 21 85  44 150
= = = =3 50
50 50 50

Example 18

Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface 2xz 2  3xy  4x  7 at the point
(1, 1, 2) .
Solution

Let  = 2xz 2  3xy  4x  7 

 ix

j
y
k
z
2 xz  3 xy  4 x  7 
 
 =   2

  
 2 3y  4 i    3x j  4xz
= 2z  k
 
 



 (1,1,2) =8  3  4 i  3 j 4(1)(2) k = 7 i  3 j  8 k


 Direction ratios of the normal to the surface at the point 1, 1, 2 is 7, 3,8 .

 
The tangent plane is a plane passing through the point 1, 1, 2 having a normal whose direction ratios are

7, 3,8 .
 
 Equation of the tangent plane is 7 x 1  3 y 1  8 z  2     =0

(i.e.) 7x  3y  8z  26 = 0.
Example 19

  
Find the function  , if grad = y  2xyz  2 3
 i + 3  2xy  x2 3z  j + 6z 3  3x2 yz 2 k .
Solution
 
Vector Calculus 5.27

  
Let  
= y  2xyz
2 3
i + 3  2xy  x2 z3  j + 6z 3  3x2 yz2 k ...(1)


By definition,
     
 ...(2)
=i j k
x y z
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get

= y2  2xyz3 ...(3)
x

= 3  2xy  x2 ...(4)
y z3

= 6z 3  3x2 yz2 ...(5)
z
Integrating (3) ,(4), and (5) partially with respect to x, y, and z respectively, we get
 = xy2  x2 yz3  c
 = 3y  xy2  x2 yz3  c
6z 4 3x2 yz3
 
 = c
4 3

 = 3z  x 2 yz 3  c
4

2
3z4
  = xy2  x 2 y z3  3y  
c 2
Example 20
  
Find the function  if  = 6xy  z  3
i  3x  z j  3xz  y k
2 2

Solution

  
Given that  = 6xy  z 3
i  3x  z j 3xz  y k
2 2
...(1)


5.28 Engineering Mathematics – I

     
By definition,  ...(2)
=i j k
x y z

Comparing equations (1) and (2)


= 6xy  z 3   = 3x2 y  xz3  c
x

= 3x 2  z   = 3x2 y  zy  c
y

= 3xz2  y   = xz3  yz  c
z
  = 3x2 y  xz3  yz  c

Exercises
1. Find the directional derivative of x3  y3  z3 at the point (1, 1, 2) in the direction of
  

 21 
the vector ( i  2 j  k ) .  Ans : 6 
2. Find the directional derivative of   x, y, z  = x 2 yz  4xz 2 at the point (1,-2, 1) in the


 37
direction of the vector 2 i  j  
2k.  Ans : 3 

3. Find the directional derivative of the function 2 yz  z 2 in the direction of the vector
  
 20 
i  2 j  2 k at the point (1, 1, 3) . Ans :
 3 
4. Find the unit normal to the surface z  x2  y2 at the point (1, 2, 5) .

  

 Ans : 2 i  4 j  k 
 21 
 
 

5. Find the unit vector to the surface x2 y  2x 2  8 at (1, 0, 2) .  Ans : i 
4
 4 
Vector Calculus 5.29

6. Find a unit vector normal to the surface x2  3y 2  2z 2  6 at the point (2, 0,1)

 

 Ans : i  k 
 2 
 

7. If   2xyz i  x2 z j  x2 y k determine   Ans :  x 2
yz 
.     x2

8. Find  , if  = x 2yz 1 i  x z2 j  x y 2k 2
 Ans :
c  x yz  2  c

9. Find the angle between the surfaces x2  y 2  z 2  9 and z  x2  y 2  3


at the point 2, 1, 2   8 
 Ans : 3 21 

 
10. Find the angle of intersection at 4, 3, 2 of the spheres x 2  y 2  z 2  2a and

1 
x2  y2  z 2  4x  6y  8z  47  0  Ans :cos 
 19 29  
11. Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal to the surface x2  y 2  z 2  25 at
(4, 0, 3) .

 x4 z3 
 Ans :4x  3z  25, 4  3 ,y0 
5.3 DIVERGENCE AND CURL OF A VECTOR

Divergence of a vector point function


Let F (x, y, z) be a vector point function differentiable in a region R. Then the
 
divergence of F denoted by div F and is defined as
div  = . F =i
x  j y  j   . F 
F  z
 
5.30 Engineering Mathematics – I

 
 i 
 j   j    . F i  F j  F k   F1 F2 F3 
  1    
 x y y  
2 3
y z    x

 of a vector point function is a scalar point function.

Obviously, the divergence
Curl of a vector point function



Let F (x, y, z) be a vector point function differentiable in a region R. Then curl of F

is denoted by Curl F and is defined as
 
Curl F =  F

  
=  i   j   j     F   i   j   j    F i  F j  F k 
      

 x y z   x y z   1 2 3 
  
i j k

 F =     F3 F2    F1 F3   y
F2 F1  k
x y 
z  y
  
z  
  x   
i
 z x 

Obviously, the curl of a vector point function is a vector point
j function.

F1 irrotational
5.3.1 Solenoidal and F2 F3 fields

If the divergence of a vector is zero everywhere in a field, then that field is termed as
  

solenoidal. (i.e.) If F is a vector point function such that . F = 0, then F is called a

solenoidal vector.

If the curl of a vector is zero everywhere in a field, then that field is termed as
  

irrotational. (i.e.) If F is a vector point function such that  F = 0, then F is called an

irrotational vector.

5.3.2 Conservative vector field and scalar potential

Vector Calculus 5.31


Let the divergence of a vector V be zero everywhere in a field.

 divV = 0 ...(1)


Then V determines a solenoidal field.

...(2)
We have the identity divcurl F  0
 
From equations (1) and (2), we write V = curl F



(i.e.) The solenoidal field V can be expressed as the curl of another vector F .



Similarly, suppose that the curl of a vector V is zero everywhere in a field, we get Curl V
=0 have the identity curl grad  =
We ...(4)
0
 ...(3)
From (3) and (4), we can write V  grad .



(i.e.) The irrotational field V can be expressed as a gradient of a scalar function  . Here V is

5.3.3
called aProperties
conservativeof and  is called
Divergence
field and Curl
the scalar potential.



   
1. For a constant vector a , div a  0, curl a  0 .     
2. Let F, G be any two vector functions. Then .(F  G) =   . F    .G 
 
or
 

div  F  G  = div F  div
G

 
 
By :definition, 
.F =
Proof
i .F
x
 
   

.(F  G) =  i
x
.(F  G)
5.32 Engineering Mathematics – I


  
 

=  i . F  i .G
x x
    
= . F    .G 


 

 div  F  G  
= div F  div
 G 
 
  
  

 

3. (F  G) =   F   G  or Curl  F  G  = curl F 

curl G
Proof:
 
(F     

G) =  i x  (F  G)
     

= i x
 F  i
x
G
   
(F 
G) =  F   G
 
 
 
 Curl  F  G = Curl F  Curl
G
4. If F is a vector function and  is a scalar function, then
    

(  F )    F   ( F ) or Curl( F ) =  Curl F  grad  F
Proof:
 
  
(  F ) =  i   F 
x 

  
 
=  i  F  F


 x x 
 
 F  
=  i  i F
x x
Vector Calculus 5.33

 
 F   

= i  i F
x x
  

( F ) =  ( F)    F

Curl( 
F ) =  Curl F  grad  F 
5. If F is a vector function and  is a scalar function, then .( F ) =
    

 . F   (. F) or div( F ) =  div F  grad. F .

Proof:
 
.( F ) =  i .    F 
x  

  


=  i . F 


F  x x 
 
F   
=  i.  i. F
x x
 
 F   


  i .
=   i .F
x  x
.(
F) = (. F )   . F  
 
Div( 
F)  =  div

.
F grad       
F 
6. .(F G) = G .( F )  F .( G ) or div(F G )  G .curl F  F
.curl G

Proof:
  
 

.(F G)   i. (F G)
x
5.34 Engineering Mathematics – I

 F  
G


 i . 

= G
 x F x 

   

  
F  G
= i .  G    i . F 
 x   x 

  
   F
  G      
=  i .G   i
 . F (since F .(G  H )  (F G ). H
  x    x  )
   
= ( F).G  (
G ).F
    

.(F G) = G .( F )  F .(
Example
G) 1
     

If F = xy 2 i  2x 2 yz j  3yz 2 k find div F and curl F at the point 1, 1,1   .

Solution
  

F = xy i  2x yz j  3yz 2 k
2 2

 
div F =    
. F = x xy 2  y 2x 2
yz  z
 3yz  =
2
y 2  2x 2 z 
6 yz
 

 div F  = 1 2  6 
(1,1,1) 9



curl F = 
 F  
i j k
  
=
x y
z
xy 2 2x 2 yz
3yz 2
Vector Calculus 5.35

  
 
= i  3z  2x y  j 0 
2 2
 0  k 4xyz  2xy 
  

=  3z  2x y i  4xyz  2xy k
2 2
 

 
  

i2


 curl F   
=  3  2 i  4  2 k  
(1,1,1) k
=
Example 2
  

Show that the vector F (2x  yz) i  (4 y  zx) j  (6z  xy) k is
solenoidal.
Solution
 
F is solenoidal if . F = 0.
  

F (2x  yz) i  (4 y  zx) j  (6z  xy)
k    
    
. F =  i  j  k  . (2x  yz) i  (4 y  zx) j  (6z  xy)
 x y z 
k   
=
x
2x  yz   y 4 y  zk   z 6z  xy = 0


 F is solenoidal.

Example 3
   
Show that F  y  2
 z 2 3yz  2x i  3xz  2xy j  3xy
  2xz  2z k is irrotational
and solenoidal.

Solution
   
Given that F = y  z
2 2
 3yz  2xi  3xz  2xy j  3xy  2xz  2z k


5.36 Engineering Mathematics – I
  
i j k
  

x y z
 F   y2  z 2  3yz  3xz  2xy  3xy  2xz  2z 
2x
  

  
= i 3x  3x  j 3y  2z  2z  3y   k 3z  2 y  2 y  3z  = 0

 F = 0

 F is irrotational.
      
. F         . y 2 z  23yz  2x i  3xz  2xy j  3xy  2xz  2z k
 i j k
x y z  
= 2  2x  2x  2 =

0

 F is solenoidal
Example 4

 is


Solution the constant a so that the vector F =
Determine  x  3y i   y  2z  j  x  az  k
solenoidal.
  

F   x  3y  i   y  2z  j  x  az
 k   
. F   i   j   k   .x  3y i  y 2z j  x  az k
 x y z 

  
=  x  3y   y  2z    x
az 
x y z
= 11 a =2  a

Given that F is solenoidal.

 . F  0  2  a 
0
a  2
Vector Calculus 5.37

Example 5
Find the value of the constants a, b, c so that the vector
   
F=  x  2 y  az i  bx  3y  z  j  4x  cy  2z  k is irrotational.
Solution
  

F=  x  2 y  az i  bx  3y  z  j  4x  cy  2z 
  
k
i j k
   
 F = x y z
 x  2 y  az bx  3y  z  4x  cy  2z 

 


  
= i c 1  j 4  a  k b  2  

Given that F is irrotational

  F 
0  
i c 1  j 4  a  k b  2 = 0

 c 1 = 0  c  1
4  a = 0 a  4
b  2 = 0 b  2

a4, b2 and c
1

Example 6
  

Prove that div r = 3 and curl r = 0 where r is the position vector of the point (x, y, z)

Solution
5.38 Engineering Mathematics – I

   
Let r=xiyjzk
   
   
   
. r =    j  k . y
x i 
y j  z k =111= 3
 i z  
x

. r = 3
  
i i i
  
 
  
 F = curl r = i 0  0  j 0  0  k 0  0
= x y z
x y z
 

curl r = 0  r is irrotational.

Example 7
    
A vector field F is of the form F = 6xy  z  i  3x  z j  3xz  y k
3 2 2
. Show that

  such that F = 
F is a conservative field of the function


Solution
   
F = 6xy  z3  i  3x 2 z j  3xz
  y2 k
 i

j

k


   
 F = x y z
6xy  z3   3x2  z   3xz 2  y

  
 i  11   j3z2  3z 2  k 6x  6x  0
 

 F is conservative vector field. Hence there exists a scalar function  , such that F  

3

2

2
      
(i.e.) 6xy  z  i  3x  z  j  3xz  y k = i j k
x y z
Vector Calculus 5.39

Equating the like co-efficients,


x = 6xy  z    3x y  xz  f  y, z
3 2 3


= 3x 2  z    3x 2 y  zy  f x, z
y

z = 3xz  y    xz  yz  f x, y
2 3

From the above values of  we write  = 3x2 y  xz3  yz  c

Example 8

 2
Prove that div     = r
r

|r|
Solution

   
r=xiyjzk

  
r r
div     =    
 r 
|r|
  

  xiy jzk
  
= i
  j  . r 
x y z   
k

 r
= x  y  z  =  x
=
 r.1 x x
x  r  y  r  z  r  x  r  r 2

 r  x2
r r
2
x 2

2 2 2 2 2 2
= = r 2 2
=
r2 r r3 r3
2
3r2  r 2
= 3r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  =
r3 r3
5.40 Engineering Mathematics – I

2r2 = 2
=
r3 r
 2
r  =
 div    r
|r|

Example 9
    
n 

If r = x i  y j  z k and | r | =  r   n  3 r
n
r , show that  . 
r
Solution


 
 
      

. r n   i  j x k . rxr 
n  n

   x

  n
=  r n x   r n y   r z

x y z
n  y   n1 z 
=  nr x x  r   nr y    nr z  r
n1 n1 n n

 r   r   r 
r
= nr n  2 x 2  y 2  z 2  
3r n

= nr n  3r n n= n  3 r n
 . nr n   n  3r


 

Example 10

Prove that div grad r n = . r n  = n(n 1)r n 2

Solution

r n
= nr n  2 r (Refer example 3)
Vector Calculus 5.41

= nr n2    

 x i  y j  z k


 

. r n
=i
     
 j  k
  
 . nr
n2

 x i  y

j  z k



 x y z 
   
= (nrn2 x)  (nrn2 y)  (nrn2 z) ...(1)
x y z
Consider

 r 
   r n 2 
n3

x(nr x) = n x n  2 r
n2
x 

 n2 
 xn n  2 r  x   nr 
n3
=

  r 

= n n  2 r n  4 x 2  nr n  2 

Similarly

y(nr y) = n n  2 r y 2  nr n  2 
n2
n4


z(nr z)
n2

= n n  2 r n4
z 2  nr n  2 
 . r n 
= n(n  2)r n4 x2  nr n 2 + n(n  2)rn 4 y 2  nr n2 + n(n  2)rn4 z 2 
nr n2

 
= 3nr n  2  nr n  4 n  2  x 2  y 2  z 2 


= 3nr n 2  n n  2 r n4 r 2
= 3nr n2  n(n  2)r n2


= nr n  2 3  n  2 

= nr n  2 1 n 
= n(n 1)rn2
5.42 Engineering Mathematics – I

= n(n 1)r n2

. r n 
Example 11

Prove that curl grad  = 0

Solution

             
grad   = i j k    i j k  
 x y z   x y z

  
i j k
  
curl grad    =
x y z
  
x y z


= i 
2

2  j   2  2  k   2 2  0

yz yz xz xz xy xy
     
Example 12

Find curl grad  xy 2

 x 2 yz

Solution
     
grad   =   
 i j k 

x y z
     

=    xy 2  x 2 yz
  x
i j
y
k
z 
  
= i  xy2  2     2 2 
 2 2

x yz  j y xy  x yz  k z xy  x yz 
 x

Vector Calculus 5.43

  
 
= i y  2xyz  j 2xy  x z  k x y
2 2
  2



i

j
 k 

  
curl grad    =
x y z
y2  2xyz 2xy  x2 z x y
2

  
 
= i x 2  x 2  j 2xy  2xy  k 2 y  2xz  2 y   = 0.
2xz 
Example 13 

S.T. r n r is an irrotational vector for any value of n, but is solenoidal only if n=-3.

Solution

n
r r ir solenoidal only if  .n r r  = 0


(i.e.) if n  3r n
=0 (Refer example
9)
 
(i.e.) if n  3 = 0  n = -3.


r n r is irrotational
n  for all values
 of n.
 
n 
 
Since  r r =   r  r  r n 
 r


=  nr r r  r 0
 
(since  r  0 , rn  nr
n
 n2  n2 r)

 
=0 (since r r  0 )

Exercises
1. Compute divergence and curl of the following vector point functions.

   
(i) F  x2 z i  2 y3 z 2 j  xy2 z k at the point (1,-1,1).
5.44 Engineering Mathematics – I

  
( Ans :div(F)  3, Curl(F)  6 i )

   
(ii) F  x2 y i  2xz j  2 yz k at the point (1, 1,1).
   
( Ans :div(F )  4, Curl(F )  4 i  3 k )

   
(iii) F  xz3 i  2x 2 yz j  2 yz4 k at the point (1,-1,1).
   
( Ans :div(F)  9, Curl(F )  3 j  4 k )
2. Prove that the following vectors are solenoidal.
   
(i) z i  x j  y k 

(ii) 3y 4 z 2 i  4x 3 z 2 j  3x2 y2
3. k 


Determine the constant a so that the vector F  (z  3y) i  x  2y
 
  j  x  az  k is
4. Find the value of a if A  axy  z
solenoidal.  2
i  x  2 yz j y  axz k( Ans
2 2
is irrotational.
:a  2)

( Ans :a 
2)
  
5. Find a, b, c such that 3x  y  az i  bx  2 y  z  j  3x  cy  3z  k is irrotational.
( Ans :a  3, b  1, c  1)
  

 1 j 
yz 2i  xz 2 xzy 1 k is irrotational and find its scalar potential.
2
6. Prove
that
( Ans :2xyz 2  y  2z)

7. Prove that the following vectors are irrotational and hence find the scalar
potential.    

 
(i) F = y cos x  z i  2 y sin x  4 j  3xz  2 k

2 3 2

( Ans :  xz3  4 y  2z  y 2 sin x 


   c)
3
2 2
( Ans :  y  x2 y  y2 z  y 
(ii) 2xy i  x  2 yz  j   y 1 c) 3
k.
Vector Calculus 5.45

  
 2 2

(iii) 3x  2 y 1 i  4xy  3y z  3 j  2  yk
2
  3

 ( Ans :  x 3
 2y 2 x  x  y3 z  3y  2z 
c)
(iv) e x   2 y  3z i     
( Ans :  ex (2 y  3z) 
 2 j  3 k
 c)
( Ans :
8. Find the value of    if   x2 y3 z 4 . 0)

5.4 VECTOR INTEGRATION

   
If f (t) and F (t) be two vector functions, such that d F (t)  f (t) then F (t) is
dt
  

called the integral of f (t) with respect to t and this is denoted by  f (t)dt  F (t) . The
definite integral of  f (t) between the limits t = a and t = b is written as
b   

 f (t)dt   F(t) 

 b
 F(b) 
a F(a) 
a

5.4.1 Line Integral

Any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve C is called a line integral. The
  
line integral of F
along the curve C is given by  F .dC r . Let the position vector
   
r  x i  y j  z k of a point (x, y, z) defines a curve.Consider a vector point function
   
F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k defined along the curve C. Let P ,Q be two neighbouring points on C
  
and whose position vectors are r , r   r respectively. The line integral of the tangential
   

component of F along C is C F .d r = C F cos dr

5.46 Engineering Mathematics – I

Note :

       
1.  F .d r =  (F1 i  F2 j  F3 k ).d (x i  y j  z k )   (F1dx  F2 dy
 F3dz)
C C C

2. If F =  , then    0 . Hence the necessary and sufficient condition for
  

 F .d r be independent of the path of integration is that curl F  0 .

C

 
3. In a closed curve C, the initial point and final point coincide. Therefore, if F .d r is
 

independent of the path of integration. Then  F .d r  0 for any closed curve C.

C

Circulation


The tangential line integral of a vector function F around a simple closed curve C is
  
called the circulation of F about C. It can be written  F .d r .
as C

5.4.2 Surface Integral

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called surface integral.


Suppose S is a surface of finite area. Let F  x, y, z  be a vector point function which is
Vector Calculus 5.47


defined at each point of the surface. Consider any point P on the surface and let n
be the unit   
outward normal to the surface at P. The normal component of F at P is F . n . The integral of
  

the normal component of F is denoted by   F . n ds which is called the flux of F over S.
 
 S

 
The surface integral  F . n ds is also denoted by  F.d s or simply  F .d
s.
5.4.3 Volume IntegralS S
S

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a volume is called volume integral. Let S be a

closed surface enclosing a volume V in a region R. Let F be a vector point function in the


region R. Then the triple integral  F dv is called the volume integral of F over the
V

volume V.
5.4.3.1 Gauss Divergence Theorem

This theorem relates the surface integral of a vector function to the volume integral of
the divergence of the vector function.

If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector
functions F is
 continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in V and on S, then

  F .ds =    .F
dv  
S V ...(1)
(i.e.) F =  div F dv
.ds V

If n isS the unit vector drawn along the outward normal to ds then ds = n ds
 

 (1) becomes,   F.n =  div F dv

ds V

S
5.48 Engineering Mathematics – I

Note:

   
Let F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k where F1, F2 , F3 are functions of x, y ,z, and the vector area
     
n ds  dydz i  dzdx j  dxdy k , then F . n ds  F1dydz  F2dzdx  F3dxdy . Hence
Gauss Divergence theorem in Cartesian form is

 F1dydz  F2 dzdx  F3 dxdy=   F1  F2  F3 dxdydz .

V 
x y z 
 
S

Example 1


Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F  (2x  z) i  x 2 y j  xz 2 k over the cube
Solution
bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1.
 

Gauss Divergence theorem is   F . n ds =    .F
dv
S
             

 F . n ds =  F . n ds +  FV . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F ...(1)
To
S evaluate surface
S integral.
1 S 2 .S n ds
3
S4 S5
S6

Let n be the outward drawn unit normal vector.
Vector Calculus 5.49

 

Equation of 
 F . n ds Where
Surface Region n ds S
plane    
F  (2x  z) i  x 2 y j  xz 2 k

XY Plane 1 1

 xz 2 dxdy  0

OABC dxdy
S1 k
z=0 0 0

1 1 1 1

  xz dxdy =   xdxdy

2

0 0 0 0

XY Plane 1 1

dxdy
1
 x2  1
 1 y
EDGF =     dy =     dy = 
S2 k  =
z= 1  2 0
0 
0  2 0 2

1
 2
 

XZ plane 1 1

OAFE

dxdz -   x 2 ydxdz  0
S3 j
y=0 0 0

1 1 1
 1
BCDG XZ plane j dxdz
S4
 x ydxdz 
2
 x dxdz =
2

0 0 0
0
5.50 Engineering Mathematics – I

1 
1 1
y=1 1 1
 3 dz   3 z   3
0  0

1 1 1 1

YZ plane
   2 x  z  dydz =   z dydz =
0 0 0 0

OCDE dydz
S5 i 1 1
 z2 
1
1
x=0

1


0 0 0
1 1 1 1

  2 x  z  dydz =   2  z  dydz
YZ plane 0 0 0 0

S6
ABGF i dydz
1
x=1 1
 z2  3
  2 y  zy 
1
= dz =  2 z  
=
 2  2
0

0
0

From (1), we get

  1 1 1 3 1 3
=0 0   = 
 F . n 2 3 2 2 =
11
S ds
3 2 6
 
  F . n =
11 ...(2)
ds 6
To Sevaluate volume integral
 
 
F  (2x  z) i  x 2 y j  xz2 k
2 
   
.       
 2 2

= i j k  (2x  z) i  x y j  xz k  = 2  x  2xz

F x y z    
 11 1
 . Fdv =  00 0
V
2  x 2
 2xz dx dy
11  dz 3 1 1 
  2x  x  2x z  dy dz =    2  3  zdy dz
2
= 11
00
 3 2 0 00
Vector Calculus 5.51

1
1 y  1  1  1
=   2 y   zy  dz =   2  3  zdz =   37  z dz
0
 3 0 0 0

1
7 z2  7 1
=  z  =  
3 2 0 3 2

 14  3   11 
=  6 =  6 

. Fdv = 11 
 
V
 6
 
...(3)

From (2) and (3)

  

S F . n ds = . Fdv V

Hence verified the Gauss divergence theorem.

Example 2
   
Verify divergence theorem for F = x  yz i y  zx j  z  xy k taken over the
2 2 2

rectangular parallelopiped 0  x  a, 0  x  b , 0  x  c

Solution
  

The Gauss divergence theorem is  F . n = . Fdv

ds  
V

S
To evaluate  F . n
ds .   
F  S
x 2 yz i  y zx2 j  z  2
 xy k


5.52 Engineering Mathematics – I

The surface S consists of six faces. The unit normal vectors and the surface
elements  

on these faces are tabulated below in order to evaluate the surface integral.  F . n ds =
           S

 F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ds
…
(1)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

 

 F.nds where
 S
Surface Region Equation n ds 


F   x 2  yz  i   y 2  zx  j   z 2  xy  k
   z  xy  dxdy =
b a
 xy dx dy
2

00
 b
OABC z=0 dxdy
b
 a2 y   a2 y2  
S1 k a2 b2 
=  2
 dy =  4  =  4 
0    0 

  z  xy  dxdy =
b a
 c2 xy dx dy
2

0 0

S2
DEFG z=c k dxdy b
 x y 2 a b
 a2 y 
=   c2 x   dy =   c a   dy
2

0 2 
0 
2 0
Vector Calculus 5.53

b
 a2 y2 
a2 b2
=  c2 ay   = abc2 
 4 0 4
c a c a

   y 2  zx dxdz =    zx  dxdz

0 0 0 0
 a c
S3
OAFE y=0 j dxdz c
 zx  2
z a  2 2
 a2 c2

=  2  dz =   =  4 
4
0  0  0 
 a
c a zx2  c

  (b zx) dxdz =   b x   dz
2 2

00

c c za2   z2
BCDG y=b

dxdz a2 
j  b a  dz =  ab z 
2
S4 = 2

0
 2   4
0

=  ab 2c  a c 
2 2

4
c
b 
 (x yz) dydz
2
-
0 0
b
c b c  y2 z 
=  0 0
( yz) dy dz =  0

2
 dz =

OCDE x=0

dydz 
S5 i
0
b c 
2 2
 4 
  b
c b
c
 zy2 
 (a yz) dydz =   a y   dy
2 2

00

S6
ABGF x=a i dydz c
 b2 z2   b 2 c2 
=  a 2bz   =  a 2bc  
 4 0 
4 
5.54 Engineering Mathematics – I

 (1) becomes
 
a 2b 2  abc 2 a 2b 2  a 2b 2  a 2c 2  ab2 c a 2 c 2  b 2 c 2  a2bc  b 2 c 2
 F . n ds 4 4 4  4 4 4 4
=  
S 
= abc a  b  c  ...(2)
 S F . n
ds 

To evaluate . Fdv .

 V

. Fdv =  2 x  y  zdx dy dz

V
cba
=2     x  y  z dxdydz
00 0

c 
=2 
0 0
a  x2  yx  zxdy dz
 2 
b

 2  ay  az dydz = 20  a2 y
 a2
cb
=2 
c 2
ay2
2  azy
0 
0 0
dz
a b
ab 2
 a2 b
c
c 2
ab2 abz2
= 2   2  2  abz  dz = 2  2 z  2 z 2 0
0  

 a2 bc  ab2 c  ac2 b 
= 2 2
 


= abc a  b  c  ...(3)

V
. Fdv
From (2) and (3)
  

 s F . n = . VFdv

ds
Hence Gauss Divergence theorem is verified.
Vector Calculus 5.55

Example 3
   
Verify divergence Theorem for F = 4x i  2 y 2 j  z 2 k taken over the region bounded
by x2  y 2  4 , z  0and z  3 .

Solution
 

Gauss divergence theorem is  F . n ds = . Fdv
S
 
V
To evaluate  F . n
ds .  
 

  
S =  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ...(1)
 F.n
ds ds
  S1 S2 S3
S
To find  F . n ds
S
 

For the surface S1(z = 0), the unit outward drawn normal vector is n   k
  

F = 4x i  2 y 2 j 
z2 k    
= ( 4x i  2 y 2 j  z 2 k ).(  k ) = - z
  2
F.n
 
=0 ( z = 0)
...(2)
  F . n =0
ds  
S1
To find  F . n ds
S2
 
For the surface S2 (z =3), the unit outward drawn normal vector is n = k .
  

F = 4x i  2 y j  9
2  z
k 3
5.56 Engineering Mathematics – I
2 

F . n =  4x i  2 y j 9 k  . k = 9
  

 

 

 F.nds =  9dS2 = 9 dS 2 =9(Area of S2) (S2 is a circle of radius 2)

S2 S2 S2

= 9 4  
( x 2  y 2  4 , Area =  2
2
= 4 )

 
= 36 ...(3)
 F.nds
S2

For the surface S3 ( x 2  y 2  4 ), the unit outward drawn normal vector,


n = 
|  |

 =  x 2  y 2  4

ix j k
   y   z 2
 =    x  y 2  4
  
=  2x i  2 y j 


|  | = 4x 2  4 y 2

4 x 2  y 2 

= 4
4

= 16
=4
Vector Calculus 5.57

 
2x i  2 y

n =
j 4

   x i  y j 
 
F.n =( 4x i  2 y j  z k ) . 
2  2x 2  y3
2

 2  =


 F . n ds =  2x 2
 y 3 dS3
S3 S3

Here S3 is a curved surface. Hence to find elementary area dS3, consider polar co-
ordinates. Since S3 is the circle
x2  y2  4 , its polar coordinates are x  2cos ,
y  2sin  .

dS3 = 2d
dz 2 3

2 2 cos   2 sin  
 


2 3

  F . n ds 0 0
 2dzd
=
2 3

  16 cos   16 sin  dzd

s3
2 3
=


0 0

2

 16 cos   
16 sin3   z 0 d
2 3
=


0

2
 2 1 cos 2  
d   sin  d  
3

= 48  0 2 0

2
2
  sin 2 
= 48   = 48 
4 0  sin  d  0
3

2
0
 

 F.nds = 48 
S3
5.58 Engineering Mathematics – I

 

 (1) becomes,  F.nds = 0  36 

48
 
S
...(4)
 F . n ds = 84
S

To evaluate volume integral

   
F = 4x i  2 y 2 j  z 2
k
2 
   
  
 j  k    4x i  2 y j  z k = 4  4 y  2z 
    2
. F = i
 x y z  

2 4 x 2 3


 . Fdv =
   4  4 y  2z  dx dy dz
x2  4 x 2 z 0

2 4
4 x 2
12 12 y  9dy dx
2 3

   2z 2 

x2
=
2  4 x 2 
  4 x2
 4z  4 yz  2 0 dydx = x2

2 4 x 2 2 4x 2

=   2112 ydy dx
x2  4 x 2 =  21y  6 y 2  4x 2

dx
2 2
= 2 2

  21 4  x  6 4  x  21 4  x  6 4  x 
2 2

dx
 
x2

2 2
2
 1 x 
2
2
x 2
4
=   42 4  x  dx = 84 0 4  x dx = 84  4  x  sin
x2 2 2 2 0

 
= 84  2  = 84
2
 
Vector Calculus 5.59


...(5)
 . Fdv = 84
V
From (4) and (5)

  

  F . n = . Fdv
ds V
Hence
S divergence theorem is verified.

Example 4

   
Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F = y i  x j  z 2 k for the cylindrical region S
bounded by x2  y2  a2 , z  0and z  h .

Solution

The Gauss divergence theorem is

  

 F . n = . Fdv
ds V

S  

To find  F . n ds
S
   
F = y i  x j  z2 k

    
  
=  F . n ds +  F . n ds +  F . n ...(1)
 F . n
ds ds
S1 S2 S3
S
For the surface S1 , z  0, nˆ k
5.60 Engineering Mathematics – I
2 

   
 2
 F .n =  yi  x j  z k  . k = z = 0

 
...(2)
 F . n ds =
0
S1  
and n  k
For the surface S2, z  h
2 
 
   
 2 2
F . n =  y i  x j  z k . k = z = h

 F . n ds = h 2  ds =  a 2 h 2
 
2 ...(3)
S2 s2

For the surface S3,  = x 2  y 2  a 2

     
 = 

2 2 2
j
 i
x y  xy a
k
z  
 
= 2x i  2 y j 

= 2  x i  y j 

|  | = 4x 2  4 = 2 x2  y2 = 2a
y2
  

  


 2 x i  y j   x i  y j 
n = =  =  
|  | 2a a

  


 
2   
 x i  y j 
F.n =  y i  x j  z k . =  xy  xy = 2 xy
  a a
a

dydz
On S3, ds   ,
n.j
Vector Calculus 5.61

  

 
xiyj 
y
where n . j =  . j=
a
a
 

 F . n ds = 2xy dydz
S3 S 3
a y a=  S2x
3
dydz

Consider the polar co ordinates x  a cos , y  a sin  , ds  addz

  0 to 2 and z  0 to h
  h 2

 S F . n ds = 0 0 2a cos (ad

3

dz)
h 2 h h

cos d  dz = 2a  sin  
2
 dz = 2a 0dz
2 2 2
= 2a 0
0 0
 0
 0

 
...(4)
 F . n ds = 0
S3
From (1), (2), (3) and (4)

 
= 0 +  a2 h2  0
 F . n
ds
S  
...(5)
  F . n ds =  a 2 h 2
S


To find  . F dv .
V
   
F = y i  x j  z2 k

   

   

. F =       . y i  x j  z 2k = 2z
i
 x j k  
z  

y
5.62 Engineering Mathematics – I

x varies from – a to a , y varies from  a 2  x2 to a2  x2 and z varies from 0 to h.



 V . F dv = V 2z dzdydx

a a2  x 2 h

= a
 0
2z dz dy dx


 a2  x 2

a a2 

 z
h
x 2
dydx
= 0
 a  a2  x

a a2  x 2

= 
a 
 a2  x 2
h  dy 2

dx
a 2 x2

a 
 
=h 2
 dx
a  y 

  a2  x2
a a
= h2  2 a 2  x 2 dx
a
a 2  x 2 dx = 4h 2 
0

2 a
x a  x 
= 4h2  a 2  x2  2 sin1  
2  a 0

 a2

1 
2 1
= 4h 0  sin
 2 
0

...(6)
 . F dv =  a h2
2

V
From (5) and (6)
Vector Calculus 5.63

  

 F . n =  . F dv
ds V
Hence
S Gauss Divergence theorem is verified.

Example 5

   

Using Divergence theorem, Evaluate S  x i  2 y j  3z k ˆ.n ds where S is the surface
of
the sphere x2  y 2  z 2  1.

Solution

 

By Gauss Divergence theorem,  F . n ds = . Fdv .
S V

 In order to evaluate the surface integral, let us find the volume integral.

F =  xi  2 yj  3zk
  


.      
   

= i
 x
 j  k   x i  2 y j  3z k  = 1 2  3 =
F y z  
6 



V
. F dv = V6 dv

= 6V , where V is the volume enclosed by S , S = x2  y 2  z 2 1

4
=63

 
   
 ˆ
  F . n =   x i  2 y j  3z k  .nds =
ds S

S
8
5.64 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 6

 
  

 2x  3zi  2x  y j y  2z k and S is the
2
=
Evaluate S F . n ds where F

  
surface of the sphere having centre at 3, 1, 2 and radius 3.

Solution

 

By Gauss Divergence theorem,  F . n ds =  . F dv
S

   
In order to evaluate
F = surface
2x  3zintegral,
i  2x letyusj find
y the
2 volume integral.
   2z k 
    
. F =  i     
    
2

 x  j y  k z  .( 2x  3z i  2x  y j  y  2z  k)
= 2 – 1 +2 = 3




V
. F dv = V 3 dv

4
= 3V = 3 3 (radius) = 336 = 108
3

 

  F . n ds = 108
S
Exercises



1. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F = 4x 2 i  y2 j  yz k over the cube

x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1 .
Vector Calculus 5.65


bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, y 0, y  1, z  0, z   Ans :
2. 1Verify Gauss Divergence Theorem for F = x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k taken over the cube
3
   
3. If F = 2xy i  yz 2 j  xz k and S is the surface of a rectangular parallelopied bounded
by x  0, x  1, y  0, y  2, z  0, z  3 . Verify Gauss Divergence Theorem.

 Ans : 33



2 2 2 2   5 4 
4. half ofdivergence
Verify x  y for
the sphere theorem  afunction
z the .
 Ans 4:  a 
F = 2xz i  yz j  z 2 k over the
upper
 
 
5. Verify divergence theorem for F = y i  x j  z 2 k over the cylindrical region

bounded by x2  y 2  a2 , z = 0, z = k.
 Ans : a k2

   
6. If S is any closed surface bounded by a volume V and F = 2x i  2 y j 2 3z k , prove
 

that  F . n ds = 6V.
S
   
7. Verify divergence theorem for F = 4x i  2 y 2 j  z 2 k taken over the region bounded
by x2  y 2  4 , z = 0 and z = 1.  Ans :84
    
8. Verify divergence theorem for F = x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k and S is a cube bounded by x = 0,
x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1.  Ans :
3
5.66 Engineering Mathematics – I

5.4.3.2 Stoke’s theorem

If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector function

  
F is continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on C, then curl F . n ds =
S
  

 F .d r where n is the unit vector normal to the surface. (i.e.) The surface integral of the
C 

normal component of curl F is equal to the line integral of the tangential component of
F
Example 1
taken around C.   
Verify Stoke’s theorem for a vector field defined by F 
= x2  y 2 i  2xy j in the
rectangular region in the XOY plane bounded by the lines x = 0,x = a, y = 0, y = b.

Solution


 
Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r = curl F . n ds
 C

To evaluate  F .dS r .
C
  
F = x2  y 2 i  2xy j

r = x i  y j
  

 

d r = dx i  dy j

 2

2
 
  

F .d r =  x  y  i  2xy j  .  dx i  dy j  

= x 2
 y 2 dx  2xydy
 

 F .d r
C
=  x
C
2
 y 2 dx  2xydy
Vector Calculus 5.67

= 
OA
 
AB
   
  BC

  F .d r = 
OA
AB CD  
C BC

 a3  CD 2 a3
=   + ab + ab  3 = 2ab
2 2

3
 
...(1)
  F .d r = 2ab 2
C  

Surface Equation  F .d r
C

 x  y 2  dx  2xydy
2

C
y = 0, dy = 0 a
Straight line OA =  x 2 dx =  x  =  a 
3 3 a

x = 0 to a  3 
 3
0  0 


 x 2
 y 2  dx  2xydy
x = a, dx = 0 AB

Straight line AB y = 0 to b =b  y2  = ab 2
2ay dy =
b


0  a

 x 2
 y 2  dx  2xydy
BC

y = b, dy = 0 = 0 x 2
 b2  dx =  x
3
 2 
Straight line BC 
x = a to 0 bx
a  3
a
= 2 a3
ab 
3
 x 2
 y 2  dx  2xydy
x = 0, dx = 0 CO
Straight line CO
y = b to 0 =0
5.68 Engineering Mathematics – I

 

To evaluate S curl F . n ds .

  
F = x 2  y 2 i  2xy j
   
i j k
 
curl F =    = 4 yk
x y
x2  y 2 z 2xy 0

Here the surface S denotes the rectangle OABC and the unit outward normal vector

is k .
 
(i.e.) n = k
  
curl F . n = 4 y k . k = 4 y
Elementary area dS = dxdy is XY plane.
  b a b

= 4  yx 0
a
y dx dy dy
 curl F . n ds =  4 y dx dy = 4  
S S 0 0
0

b
b
 ay 2 
= 4 0 ay   dy = 4   2 0
 
...(2)
S curl F . n ds = 2 ab
2



 
From (1) and (2), we get  F .d r = curl F . n ds
C

S
Example 2
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.   
Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function F = x2 i  xy j integrated round the square in
the z = 0 plane whose sides are along the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = a.
Vector Calculus 5.69

Solution
 

Stoke’s theorem is  F .d r
=  
C
curl F . n ds
S  

To evaluate  F .d r .
C  
Given
F
 
= x2 i  xy j

 
r = dx i  dy j

 =  2 
   2

x
F .d r = x i  xy j  .  dx i  dy j  = x dx  xy dy
i
 
= 
C F .dyr OA  AB   BC CD a3 a3 a3 a3
 j      

  F .d r = OA  AB BC CO =
dr 
C
0=  

Surface Equation
3  F .d r
C
2
  x  dx  xydy
2

C
y = 0, dy = 0 3 a
 x3 
a

Straight line OA a  3
x = 0 to a
2 =  x 2 dx =   =  
0  3 0 
3
x = a, dx = 0
Straight line AB y = 0 to a
  x  dx 
2

xydy
AB
5.70 Engineering Mathematics – I
a
b  ay 2   a3 
=  ay dy = 2  =  2 

0  a  
  x2  dx 
xydy
BC
y = a, dy = 0 0
 x3
Straight line BC 
0
x = a to 0
=   x  dx =
2
 
a 3
a
a3
= 
3
x = 0, dx = 0   x  dx  xydy = 0
2

Straight line CO
y = a to 0 CO
 
3
= a ...(1)
  F .d r
C
2
 

To evaluate curl F . n ds .
S
 

F = x2 i  xy j
  
i j k

  
curl F =
x y z
x2 0
xy
   

 
=i 00  j 00 k    y = k  y

Here the surface S denotes the square OABC and the unit outward normal vector is k .
 
n =k
   
curl F . n = y k .
k=y
Vector Calculus 5.71

a a
 
y ds =  y dxdy =   y dxdy
curl F . n ds = 
S S
0 0

a a
a

   a3
a
= yx dy  ay 2 
0
0
= 0 ay  dy =   2 0dy =
2
 
a3 ...(2)
curl F . n ds = 2
S
From (1) and (2)
 
 
  F .d r = curl F . n
ds
C S

Example 3 theorem is verified.

Hence Stoke’s
   
Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = y i  z j  x k , where S is the upper half surface of the
sphere x2  y 2  z 2  1and C is its boundary on z = 0.

Solution
   

Stoke’s Theorem is  F .d r = curl F . n ds

C S
 

To evaluate CF .d r
   
F = yizjx
k
  

r = xi

y j  zk

d r = dx i  dy j  dz k
 
   
    

F . d r =  y i  z j  x k  .  dx
 i  dy j  dz k  
5.72 Engineering Mathematics – I

= ydx  zdy  xdz

Here C is the boundary of the upper half of the given sphere which is clearly a circle
x2  y 2  1.Since C lies on the xy plane, We have
     
F = y i  x k , d r = dx i  dy j (since z = 0)
 
F . d r = ydx

The parametric representation of the circle x 2  y 2  1 is , x  cos , y  sin 

dx  sin d dy  cos  d ,  varies from 0 to 2 .

 


C
F.d r = 2
ydx
C
=
sin   sin   d
0

2

=  sin 2 
d
2
0
1 cos
= d
2 2
0

2
 sin 2 
=  4 
2 0


 2 
=  = 
2
 

...(1)
  F. d r =
  
C
To evaluate curl F . n ds
S
Vector Calculus 5.73

   
F=yizjxk
  
i j k
      
= = i 0 1  j 1 0  k 0 =ijk
x y z
y z x 1

S is the upper half surface of the sphere and the plane region is bounded by x2  y2  1 ,


therefore the outward unit normal is  k

 

(i.e.) n=k
 
  
  
 curl F . n =   i  j  k .  k = 1.

 

 curl F . n ds =  ds
S S

Where ds = dxdy dxdy

  =
1 where S is x  y  1and whose area is 
2 2

k .
  k

S curl F . n ds =  dxdy =  S

 
...(2)
curl F . n ds = 
S
From (1) and (2)
   
F . d r = curl F . n ds

C S

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

5.74 Engineering Mathematics – I

Example 4


 where S is the upper half of the sphere




Solution
Verify Stoke’s theorem F =  y i  2 yz j  y2 k
 
x2  y 2  z 2  1 

F = yi
2 yz j  y2 k
   
r = curl

F . dtheorem
The Stoke’s is F . n ds
C S
 
To evaluate  F.d r
C

   
F =  y i  2 yz j  y 2 k
   
d r = dx i  dy j  dz k

=  ydx  2 yzdy  y 2 dz

S is upper half of the sphere, therefore it lies on XOY plane. x2  y 2  1, z  0

 
F.d r =  ydx

The parametric form is, x  cos , y  sin 

dx  sind ,  varies from 0 to 2

 2 2

1 cos
  
2
F.d r =   sin 2 
sin  d =
2
2 2 d =  
C 0 0
2 4 0
 
...(1)
  F. d r =
  
C
To evaluate curl F . n ds
S
Vector Calculus 5.75

  
i j k

  
curl F =
x y z
 y 2 yz y2

  



= i 2y  2y   j 0  0  k 0 1 = k

 2 2 2
n =
|  | where  = x  y  z

   

2xiy jzk   

=  =xiyjzk

4 x 2  y 2  z 2 
     
curl F . n = k . ( x i  y j  z k ) = z
 

 curl F . n ds =  z ds where ds  dxdy dxdy

n.k = z
S S

dxdy
= S z. z

(Where R is enclosed by x2  y 2  1 )
= R dxdy
 
...(2)
curl F . n ds = 
S
From (1) and (2)
   
F . d r = curl F . n ds

C S

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

5.76 Engineering Mathematics – I

Exercises
   

1. Verify Stoke’s Theorem for F = 2x  y i  yz 2 j  y 2 z k where S is the upper half

surface of the sphere x2  y 2  z 2  1and C is the circular boundary on Z = 0 plane.

  Ans :  

2. 
Verify Stoke’s Theorem for F =  y  z  2 i   yz  4 j  xz k and S is the open
surface of the cube bounded by x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, z = 0 and z = 2.

 Ans : 4
Vector Calculus 5.77

PART-A QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. Define Scalar Point Function.

Let R be a region of space at each point of which a scalar    (x, y, z) is given, then
 is called a scalar point function and R is called a scalar field.

2. Define Vector Point Function.

 
Let R be a region of space at each point of which a vector v  v(x, y, z) is given,

then v is called a vector point function and R is called a vector field.

3. Define the vector differential operator ().

The vector differential operator  , (read as del or nabla or atled) is defined as

      
i j  k  , where i , j, k are the vectors along the three rectangular axes OX,
  x y z

OY and OZ.
4. What is Gradient?

Let  (x, y, z) be a scalar point function and is continuously differentiable, then the

          
vector    i  j k (i.e.)
    i  j is called
k the gradient
 x y z  x y z
of the scalar function and is written as grad . (i.e.) grad    .

Gradient is also called slope of a scalar point function.

5. If   x2  y  z 1 , then find grad  at (1,0,0).

5.78 Engineering Mathematics – I

     
grad      i  j k
 x y z 

     2
  i  j  k  (x  y  z 1)
 x y z 

 i  (x 2 y  z 1)  j (x 2 y  z 1)  k  (x 2 y  z 1)

 

x y z

  
 i (2x)  j(1)  k
(1)
 

 grad (1,0,0)  2 i  j k .

6. Find grad  if   xyz at (1,1,1).

Given   xyz

i   j   k
  
grad     x y z
 


 (xyz)  j (xyz)
k  (xyz) 
  i x y z 

  
 i ( yz)  j(xz)  k
(xy)
 

 grad (1,1,1)  i  j  k .

7. Find grad f if f  x2  y2 and determine its magnitude at (3, 4).

Given f  x2  y 2
f  f 

grad f  f f
 i x  j y  k z
Vector Calculus 5.79

(x2  y 2)  (x 2  y 2 )  (x 2  y 2 )


i  j k
x y z

  
 2x i  2 y j  0
k
 
grad f(3,4)  6 i  8 j

grad f  62  82  36  64  100 
10 .

8. If   log(x2  y2  z 2 ) , then find .

   
Given   log(x 2  y 2  z 2 )
 

  i x  j y  k z


 i  2 2x2   j  2 2 2y   k  2 2z2 
 

xy z x  y  z x  y  z
2 2 2
  

2    2
 (x i  y j  z k )  r
x2  y2  z 2 x2  y2  z2







r2

9. Find (log r) .

 (log r)  (log r)  (log

(log r)  i  j k
r) x y z

1 r
  1 r 1
i
r  j k
...(1)
 r x r y r
z
5.80 Engineering Mathematics – I

r 2  x2  y 2  z 2

Differentiate partially with respect to x, y, z, we get

r r x
2r  2x  
x x r
r
...(2)
y
y r r z r
z
By substituting (2) in (1), we get
Similarly  , 

     
r
(log r)  i x  j y  z 1 (x i  yj z k )  .
r r r  r
k
r
1
10. Find grad r  


 1    1       
 1
 
grad  r =  r   x
  i  j  k  
y z r 

 
1x y z  1 r 
  2  i  j     2 
r  r r r r  r 
k

1
r r  r3
grad  .
f (r)     

11. Prove that f (r)  r , where r  x i  y j  z k

r .

     
f (r)   i  j k. f (r)

x y z
Vector Calculus 5.81

i f (r) r j 
 f (r) rk f 
(r) r
 x  y z

  
  x y  z
 f (r) (x i  y j  z
 f (r)  i  j  k   r k)
r r r

f (r) 
f (r)  r.
r

12. What is Directional derivative?

The directional derivative of a scalar point function  in a given direction is the rate of
change of  in that direction. It is given by the component of grad in that direction.


(i.e.) The directional derivative of a scalar point function  (x, y, z) in the direction of a is


a
given by .nˆ where nˆ .
a

13. What is the greatest rate of increase of   xyz2 at (1, 0, 3).

  xyz2
   
  
   i ( yz2 )  j(xz 2)  k (2xyz)
  i x  j y  k z
  
(1,0,3)  0 i  9 j 0 k

Greatest increase rate of     92  9.

 
14. Find the directional derivative of f  xyz at (1, 1, 1) in the direction of i  j  k .
5.82 Engineering Mathematics – I

n
Directional Derivative = .nˆ, where nˆ 
n

 f
 f
f(xyz)
grad f  f  i 

 j  k (xyz)  (xyz)
 ix y  j z
k
x y z
 

 ( yz) i  (xz) j  (xy)
k  
grad f(1,1,1)  i  j  k

Directional Derivative = grad f .nˆ

 
 
( i  j  k 111  3  3.
(i j 
) 3 3 3
k ).

15. Find the directional derivative of   x2 yz  4xz 2 at (1, 1, 1) in the direction of


i j
k.


n
Directional Derivative = .nˆ, where nˆ 
n

      2
   i  j k(x yz  4xz )
2
 x y z
  
 i (2xyz  4z 2 )  j(x 2 z)  k (x 2 y 
8xz)
Vector Calculus 5.83

  
(1,1,1)  6 i  j 9 k

  

n i  j  k
nˆ 
n 3

Directional derivative =
.nˆ
  
  
i  j  k 6 1 2
 (6 i  j  9  
3 9 3
k ).
.
3
16. Find the directional derivative of   xy  yz  zx in the direction of the vector
  

i  2 j  2 k at (1, 2, 0).


n
Directional Derivative = .nˆ, nˆ 
n

  
 
 
 =  i  j  k  (xy  yz  zx)  i ( y  z)  j(x  z)  k ( y 
 x y z 
x)
  
(1,2,0)  2 i  j 3 k

  
  
( i  2 j 2 k ) 2  2  6
Directional derivative  .nˆ (2 i  j  3 k ).  
 1 4  4 9 3
10
.
17. Find the normal derivative of   xy  yz  zx at (-1, 1, 1).

Given   xy  yz  zx
5.84 Engineering Mathematics – I

  
 

 =  j  (xy  yz  zx) k
 i y 
x z 
  
 i ( y  z)  j(z  x)  k (x 
y)
  
(1,1,1)  2 i  0 j 0 k

Normal derivative at (-1, 1, 1) is grad  22  2

.

18. Find a unit vector normal to the surface x2  y 2  z  2 at the point (1, -1, 2).

Let   x2  y2  z  2

      2
   i  j k(x  y  z  2)
2
 x y z
 
 2x i  2 y j 
k
 
(1,1,2)  2 i  2 j k

  4  4 1  3

  
 2i2jk
Unit normal vector  nˆ  .
 3

19. Find a unit normal vector to the surface of the revolution z  x2  y 2 .at

the point (1, 2, 5).

Let   x2  y2  z
Vector Calculus 5.85

      2
   i  j k(x  y  z)
2
 x y z
 
 2x i  2 y j 
k
 
(1,2,5)  2 i  4 j k

  4 16 1 
21
 
 2i4jk
Unit normal vector  nˆ 


21

20. What is divergence of a vector? 


The scalar product of the vector operator  and F is called divergence of F It is denoted by
  

div F . (i.e.) div F  . F

21. What is curl of a vector?



The vector product of the vector operator  and F is called curl of F . It is denoted by curl

F.

 
(i.e.) curl F   F .

22. Define Solenoidal and Irrotational vectors.

 

The vector F is said to be Solenoidal if divergence of F  0.

(i.e.) div F  .F  0

5.86 Engineering Mathematics – I




The vector F is said to be Irrotational if curl F  0.

 
(i.e.) curl F   F  0.
  
23. Prove that the vector z i  x j  y k is solenoidal.

   
Let F  z i  x j  y
k
. F  i   j   k  .  z i 

 x j  y k
x y z  
  
  
 (z)  (x)  ( y)  0
x y z

Thus the given vector is solenoidal.




24. Prove
 that the vector
 (6xy  z
3
) i  (3x 2  z) j  (3xz2  y) k is irrotational.

Let
F  (6xy  z ) i  (3x  z) j  (3xz  y)
3 2 2

k   
i j k

  
 F 
x y z
6xy  z3 3x2  z 3xz2  y

    
  2 2 2
 
i 
 y (3xz  y)  (3x  z)   j
 x  (3xz  y)  (6xy  z ) 3

z z

  2 3 
 k  (3x  z)  (6xy  z )
  x y 
Vector Calculus 5.87

  
 i (1)  (1) j (3z2 )  (3z 2 )  k 6x  6x  0

Thus the given vector is irrotational.




25. Find the divergence of x 2 z i  2 y 3 z 2 j  xy 2 z k at (1, -1, 2).

   

. F xi zi  j2 y z k jxy

Let F zz 2ki 2 y z j xy z k )
2 3 2 2
.(x

x y z 
  3 2 2

 2xz  6 y2 z 2 
xy2


. F (1,1,2)  4  24 1  19.

26. Prove that div r = 3, where r is the position vector of a point (x,y,z) in space.

r  xi  y j  zk

divr  r =  i   j     xi  y j 
 x y z  zk
 
k
=  (x)  ( y)  (1) = 1+1+1 
x y z

divr  3

27. Find the curl F where F = grad x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz 

5.88 Engineering Mathematics – I

F = grad x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz
    
= i j k x 3
 y 3  z 3  3xyz 
 x y z 

= 3x 2  3y 2 i  3y 2  3xz  j  (3z 2 

3xy)k

Curl F =  F i j k
  
=
x y z
3x  3y 2
2
3y  3x2
2
3z  3xy
2

= i(3x  3x)  j(3y  3y)  k(3z  3z)

=0

Curl F = 0

28. If  = x2  y 2  z 2  8 then find grad  at (2,0,2)

 = x2  y 2  z 2  8

   
grad  = = i  j k ( x2  y2  z 2 
8 ) x y z

  
=i (x2  y2  z2  8)  j (x2  y2  z2  8)  k (x2  y2  z2 
8)
x y z

= i2x  j2 y  k 2z
Vector Calculus 5.89


= 2 xi  yj  zk 

29. What is Scalar Potential?

 
If F is an irrotational vector then there exists a scalar function  such that F  , such
a  
scalar  is called scalar potential of F (or) Let be a vector point function and if there
F 

exists a scalar point function  such that F  , then F is called conservative vector

field and  is called scalar potential.

30. State Gauss-Divergence theorem


If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function F is continuous
and has continuous partial derivative in V and on S, then
 

 F .nˆdS   div FdV

S V

 

(i.e.)
 F .nˆdS  .
FdV .
S V

31. Find grad of 3y 2 z  x3 z  4xz  10 at (-1, 2,

1).

Let   3y 2 z  x3 z  4xz 10

  
 3x2 z  4z,  6 yz,  3y 2  x3  4x
x y z
i j k
grad x y z 
 
      
  
5.90 Engineering Mathematics – I


 (3x2 z  4z) i  6 yz j  (3y 2  x3  4x)
k
   
 i 12 j  9 k .

32.grad
Find(1,2,1)
grad(3  4)point
at the i 12( 1j , -11
, -2(12 4) k = 3x2 y  y3 z 2
) where

 = 3x2 y  y3 z 2

   
grad  =   i   j  k  
x y z

   
= i  j k ( 3x2 y  y3
z ) x
2
y z 

= i(6xy)  j(3x 2  3y 2 z 2 )  k (2 y 3 z)

grad  at ( 1 , -2 , -1 ) = ( i(6(1)(2))  j(3  3(2)2 (1)2 )  k(2(2) 3 (1))

= 12i  9 j 16k

  

33. Check whether the vector x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k is solenoidal at the point (1, 1, 2).
  

Let
F  x2 i  y2 j  z 2 k
. F  i   j   k  .(x 2i 
 y j 
z k )  2x  2 y  2z
x y z 2 2
 

. F (1,1,2)  2  2  4  8  0
Vector Calculus 5.91

 Given vector is not solenoidal.


34. Find  r .

 r   i   j   k    ( x i y j z k)

x y z
 
  
i j k
     
  i (0)  j(0)  k (0) 
x y z 0
x y z


 r  0.

35. Find the unit normal vector to the surface of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1.

Let   x2  y 2  z 2 1

       
   i   j k
x y z 
 
  
 2x,  2 y,
 2z
x   y
 z
  2x i  2 y j  2z k

  4x 2  4y 2  4z 2  2 x2  y 2  z 2  2r

   

 2(x i  y j  z k ) r
Unit normal vector =   2r  .
r
5.92 Engineering Mathematics – I

36. If   2x y z , then find 2

3 2 4
(1,1,1)

.
2 2 2 12xy 2 z 4  4x 3z4  24x3y2 2z
2  x2 y2
z2

2(1,1,1) 12  4  24 
40.


      
(2 i  3 j  5 k ).(3 i  a j  2 k ) (Since thegiven two vectors are perpendicular)
0 
 3a
37. Find6the 10ofa,0
value 3a  two vectors 2 i  3 j  5 k and 3 i  a j  2 k are
if given
4
perpendicular
4
 a 3 .

38. State Stoke’s theorem.


If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector function F is
continuous and has continuous partial derivative in S and on C, then
  

 F .d r  curl F .nˆdS
C S

  
(i.e.)  F .d r   ( F ).nˆ dS , where nˆ is the unit normal vector to the surface.
C S
Vector Calculus 5.93

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Vector Differentiation

  
1. F t  = F1 t  i  F2 
t  j  F3 t

d kF dF1  dF2  dF3 

2.  i
dt dt j

k dt 
d
3. If C is a constant vector
dt C =0
then
 dt 
 d f t  d g t

4. d  f t   g t  =



dt 
   dt

dt
5. d  f t   g t = d f t   d g t 



dt   dt dt

Vector differential operator

The vector differential operator  (read del) is defined as  =

  
  .
i j k
x y z

GRADIENT

              
   i   j  k  i  j k
x y z  x y z 
   
5.94 Engineering Mathematics – I

Unit Normal


nˆ= 

Angle between two

surfaces
1.2
The angle  between two surfaces  and 1 2 is given by cos  1 
. Hence
2

the two surfaces 1 and2 are orthogonal when 1.2 = 0.

Directional derivative

The directional derivative of a scalar point function  (x, y, z) in the direction of a is given

a
by   . nˆwhere nˆ a.

Curl of a
 vector 
Curl F =  point
F
 function


 
 F i

k
Solenoidal and irrotational fields

 
. F = 0, then F is called a solenoidal vector.


  
= function such that  F = 0
F is a vector point
x y
z
F1 F2
F3
VECTOR INTEGRATION
 

Line Integral = C F .d r


Surface Integral =   F.n

ds 
S
Volume Integral =    F dv
V
Gauss divergence theorem
Vector Calculus 5.95