Citing Sources of Information
Citing Sources of Information
Citing Sources of Information
SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
CITATION STYLES
WHAT ARE CITATION STYLES?
• Citation
—is a way to give credit to the authors, scientists,
researchers, and the like whose creative and intellectual
work you used to support or supplement your own
research. It is also used to conveniently locate particular
sources as well as to help avoid plagiarism.
• Citation Style
—dictates what information is necessary to include in a
citation, how that information should be organized, what
punctuations are used, and other formatting concerns.
3 MAJOR CITATION STYLES
1. APA CITATION STYLE
• APA (American Psychological Association)
Two styles under APA:
1. In-text citation- quotation or text
ex. “There is no one pedagogy that will be effective for all kinds
of students” (Tan, 2013, p. 10).
(last name of the author, the year of publication, and the page number
in which the quote is found, all enclosed in parentheses)
2. Bibliographic entry/referencing- a reference list at the end of a
paper.
ex. Villareal, J. (2015). The psychology of children and
adolescents. Hammer Publishing Inc.
(A simple APA bibliographic entry includes the author, year of
2. MLA CITATION STYLE
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
1. In-text citation in the MLA citation style
ex. There is an argument that in El Filibusterismo, Jose Rizal meant to
show that sometimes, a violent revolution is unavoidable (Santos 87).
(In the MLA citation style, the in-text citation must have the name of the
author and the page number where the quote or paraphrased information
can be found.)
2. Bibliographic entry/referencing in the MLA citation style
ex. Samar, Edgar. Si Janus Silang at ang Tiyanak ng Tabon. Adarna
House Inc., 2014.
(This should provide as many of the core elements required by MLA as
possible, if they are applicable. Remember also that the second and
3. CHICAGO/TURABIAN CITATION STYLE
1. In-text citation in the Chicago citation style
ex. There is a need to review what we thought we knew about our
oceans (Atienza 2018, 45).
(Similar to the APA style, the Chicago/Turabian author-date style
also requires the year of publication in the in-text citation alongside
the author’s last name and the page number where the information
can be found. )
2. Bibliographic entry/referencing in the Chicago citation style
ex. Jacobs, Jacob M. 2012. Physics for the Everyday. All About
the Sciences 20:111-18.
(In the Chicago/Turabian style, the page numbers can be simplified if
the leftmost number(s) are unchanged. Meaning, 111-18 means
NOTES:
• APA (American Psychological Association) is used in
education, psychology, and the social sciences.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) is commonly used
in the humanities.
• Chicago/Turabian author-date style is preferred by the
humanities, including those in literature, history, and the
arts.
• Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography style is usually
used by the physical, natural, and social sciences.
QUIZ
1. What does APA stand for?
2-3. When is it most appropriate to use the APA citation style?
4. What does MLA stand for?
5-6. When is it most appropriate to use the MLA citation
style?
7-8. When is it most appropriate to use the Chicago/Turabian
style?
9-10. What is the purpose of being more knowledgeable in the
different citation styles?