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Energy Engineering: By: Dr. Tazien Rashid

The document discusses various types of energy sources including renewable and non-renewable resources. It provides details on conventional sources such as fossil fuels, hydroelectric power, and biomass. Non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and nuclear energy are also examined. For each energy type, the document describes how the energy is produced and typical applications. Recommended books on energy and fuels are also listed.

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Rida akhtar
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79 views39 pages

Energy Engineering: By: Dr. Tazien Rashid

The document discusses various types of energy sources including renewable and non-renewable resources. It provides details on conventional sources such as fossil fuels, hydroelectric power, and biomass. Non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and nuclear energy are also examined. For each energy type, the document describes how the energy is produced and typical applications. Recommended books on energy and fuels are also listed.

Uploaded by

Rida akhtar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy Engineering

By:
Dr. Tazien Rashid
Contents
 Introduction to energy, types of energy, and sources of energy
 Renewable and non-renewable energy resources
 Introduction to fuels in solid, liquid and gaseous state
 Introduction to
 Hydropower
 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Tidal energy
 Geothermal energy
 Fossil Fuels
Contents
 Extraction, advantages, and limitations of each energy
resource
 Availability of energy resources in Pakistan
 Environmental impacts of energy resources
 Fuel processing
 Combustion
 Gasification
 Fuel Upgradation
 Energy from biomass
Recommended Books
 “Fuel and Energy” by J. R. Backhurst and J. H Harker
 “Fuel and Combustion” by M. L. Smith and K.W.
Stinson
 “Flame and Combustion” by J. F. Griffiths and J. A.
Bemard
 “An introduction to Combustion: Concepts and
Applications” by S. R. Turns
 “Synthetic Fuels” by R. F. Probstein and R. E. Hicks
Energy
 Energy can be defined as the ability to do work.
 If an object or organism does work (exerts a force
over a distance to move an object) the object or
organism uses energy.
 Because of the direct connection between energy and
work, energy is measured in the same unit as work:
joules (J).
 In addition to using energy to do work, objects gain
energy because work is being done on them.
What is energy?

 Ability to do work or cause change


 Produces Warmth
 Produces Light
 Produces Sound
 Produces Movement
 Produces Growth
 Powers Technology
Energy Transfers
 Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only
changed.
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy will always transfer from high to low.
 No energy transfer is 100% efficient.
Potential Energy

Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the
bonds between atoms

Holds molecules
together
Potential Energy

Nuclear Energy
Energy stored in the
nucleus of the atom
Holds the nucleus
together
Potential Energy

Stored Mechanical
Energy
Energy stored in an
object by the application
of force
Must push or pull on an
object
Potential Energy

Gravitational Energy
The energy an object or
substance has because
of its position; anything
“up high”
Kinetic Energy

Radiant Energy
Electromagnetic
energy that travels in
transverse waves
Kinetic Energy

Thermal Energy
(a.k.a. Heat)
Internal energy of a
substance due to the
vibration of atoms and
molecules making up
the substance
Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy
(Motion)
Movement of objects or
substances from one
place to another
Kinetic Energy

Sound Energy
Movement of
energy through
substances in the
form of longitudinal
(compression)
waves
Kinetic  Energy

Electrical Energy
Movement of
electrons in one
direction

NOT AN ELECTRON PARADE!


Characteristics of a good source of Energy:-
i) It should have a high energy output per unit mass or volume.
ii) It should be easily available.
iii) It should be easy to store and transport.
iv) It should be economical.

Sources of energy :-
I.Conventional sources of energy :- are wood, flowing water and fossil fuels
(coal, petroleum, natural gas). Wind, Biomass
II.Non conventional sources of energy :- are solar energy, ocean energy
(tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy), geothermal energy, nuclear
energy etc.
Some sources of energy are renewable like sun, wind, flowing water, ocean, wood,
biomass etc.
Some sources of energy are non renewable like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
I. Conventional sources of energy:-
a) Fossil fuels :-
Formed inside the earth from the remains of plants and animals
after millions of years. The fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and
natural gas. Fossil fuels are non renewable sources of energy.
b) Thermal power plants :-
In thermal power plants the heat energy produced by burning
fossil fuels like coal, petroleum or natural gas is used to heat water
and change it into steam which rotates the turbines of generators
to produce electricity.
c) Hydro power plants :-
In hydro power plants water from rivers are stored by
constructing dams. The water from the dam flows down through
pipes and rotates the turbines of generators to produce electricity.
THERMAL POWER PLANT
I. Conventional sources of energy:-
d) Biomass energy :-
The waste materials and dead parts of living things are called biomass.
eg :- wood, animal dung, vegetable waste, agricultural waste, sewage etc.
Biomass is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms to produce biogas.
Biogas is a mixture of gases containing methane, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
e) Wind Energy :-
Wind energy is used in wind mills which converts the kinetic energy of the
wind into mechanical or electrical energy. The kinetic energy of wind can
be used to do mechanical work like lifting water from wells or grinding
grains in flour mills. It can also be used to rotate the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
A single wind mill produces only a small amount of electricity. So a
large number of wind mills in a large area are coupled together to
produce more electricity in wind energy farms.
FIXED DOME TYPE BIOGAS PLANT
WIND MILL WIND ENERGY FARM
II) Non conventional sources of energy :-

a) Solar energy :-
Solar energy is the energy obtained from the sun in the form of
heat and light. The heat energy is used in solar heating devices like
solar cooker, solar water heater, solar furnaces etc. The light energy
is used in solar cells.
i) Solar cooker :-
The box type solar cooker has an insulated box painted black
inside. It is covered by a glass plate which allows heat to enter inside
but does not allow heat to escape out. It has a mirror to reflect more
sunlight into the box. The food to be cooked is kept in containers
inside the box It can produce a temperature of 100° to 140°.
a) Solar Energy

ii) Solar water heater :-


A solar water heater has an insulated box painted black inside with a
system of copper tubes. It is covered with a glass plate which allows
heat to enter inside but does not allow heat to escape out. When water
flows through the copper tube it absorbs heat and becomes hot.
iii) Solar cells :-
Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electrical
energy. Solar cells are made from semi conductors like silicon,
germanium, gallium etc. A single solar cell produces a voltage of
about 0.5 to 1 V and produces about 0.7 W electricity. So several
solar cells are arranged in a solar panel to produce more electricity.
BOX TYPE SOLAR COOKER SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR CELL
SOLAR PANELS SOLAR LAMP
b) Energy from the sea :-
Energy from the sea is obtained in three different forms. They are Tidal energy, Sea
wave energy and Ocean thermal energy.
i) Tidal energy :-
The periodic rise and fall of sea level due to gravitational attraction of the moon causes
tides. A dam is constructed at a narrow opening between the land and sea. The
movement of water during high tide and low tide can be used to rotate the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
ii) Sea wave energy :-
When strong wind blows over the sea it produces huge waves. The kinetic energy of
the moving waves can be used to rotate the turbines of generators to produce electricity.
iii) Ocean thermal energy :-
There is a temperature difference between the warm surface water and the cold water at
the bottom of the oceans. This difference is about 20°C. The warm surface water is used
to boil liquid ammonia and the vapor is used to rotate the turbines of generators to
produce electricity. The cold water from the bottom is then pumped up to cool the vapour
back to liquid.
TIDAL ENERGY
SEA WAVE ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
c) Geothermal energy :-

The deeper regions of the earth’s


crust is very hot. This heat melts
rocks and forms magma. The
magma moves up and collects
below at some places called Hot
spots. The underground water in
contact with hot spot gets heated
into steam at high pressure. By
drilling holes into hot spots the
steam coming out can be used to
rotate turbines of generators to
produce electricity.
d) Nuclear energy :-
Nuclear energy is the energy is the energy released during nuclear reactions.
During nuclear reactions some mass is converted into energy and so a very
large amount of energy is produced during nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are of two types. They are Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
i) Nuclear fission :-
is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom like uranium,
plutonium, etc. splits into smaller nuclei with the release of a large amount of
energy. It is used to make atom bombs and to produce electricity.
In a nuclear power plant the heat energy produced by a controlled nuclear
fission chain reaction is used to produce steam which rotates the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
ii) Nuclear fusion :-
is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei fuse together to form a heavier
nucleus with the release of a very large amount of energy. The energy of sun is
produced by the fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium nucleus. It is also
used to make the hydrogen bomb.
NUCLEAR FISSION
NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTION
NUCLEAR FUSION
NUCLEAR FUSION

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