1) Sex-linked traits are caused by genes located on the X chromosome.
2) Since males only have one X chromosome, they will express a recessive sex-linked trait if they inherit an X chromosome carrying the trait.
3) Females must inherit the trait on both X chromosomes to exhibit a recessive sex-linked trait, since one X chromosome can compensate.
4) Examples of sex-linked traits include red-green color blindness.
1) Sex-linked traits are caused by genes located on the X chromosome.
2) Since males only have one X chromosome, they will express a recessive sex-linked trait if they inherit an X chromosome carrying the trait.
3) Females must inherit the trait on both X chromosomes to exhibit a recessive sex-linked trait, since one X chromosome can compensate.
4) Examples of sex-linked traits include red-green color blindness.
1) Sex-linked traits are caused by genes located on the X chromosome.
2) Since males only have one X chromosome, they will express a recessive sex-linked trait if they inherit an X chromosome carrying the trait.
3) Females must inherit the trait on both X chromosomes to exhibit a recessive sex-linked trait, since one X chromosome can compensate.
4) Examples of sex-linked traits include red-green color blindness.
1) Sex-linked traits are caused by genes located on the X chromosome.
2) Since males only have one X chromosome, they will express a recessive sex-linked trait if they inherit an X chromosome carrying the trait.
3) Females must inherit the trait on both X chromosomes to exhibit a recessive sex-linked trait, since one X chromosome can compensate.
4) Examples of sex-linked traits include red-green color blindness.
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HEREDITY
Inheritance and Variation What physical features do you have in common with only one of your parents? The features that both of your parents have? What about the characteristics that you do not share with any of your parents at all? Gregory Johann Mendel (1822-1884) •An Austrian monk and botanist •The Father of Classical Genetics •He carried out his famous experiments on crosses of garden peas WORD BANK
Alleles – a different form of a gene that
controls a certain trait (ex. G and g or GG and gg)
One allele is DOMINANT over the other
because the dominant allele can “mask” the RECESSIVE allele WORD BANK Dominant trait is represented by capital letter (ex. G – for yellow pea)
Recessive trait is represented by small letter
(ex. G – for green pea) Review Problem: Dominant & Recessive In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p). Show the cross between two heterozygous plants. GENOTYPES: P p - PP (25%) Pp (50%) P PP Pp pp (25%) - ratio 1:2:1 p Pp pp PHENOTYPES: - purple (75%) white (25%) - ratio 3:1 Non-Mendelian Genetics Non-Mendelian Genetics Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygenic Traits Sex-Linked Traits Incomplete Dominance a third (new) phenotype appears in the heterozygous condition as a BLEND of the dominant and recessive phenotypes. Ex - Dominant Red (R) + Recessive White (r) = Hybrid Pink (Rr)
RR = red rr = white Rr = pink
Problem: Incomplete Dominance Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.
GENOTYPES: R r - RR (0%) Rr (50%) r rr (50%) Rr rr - ratio 1:1 r Rr rr PHENOTYPES: - pink (50%); white (50%) - ratio 1:1 Codominance in the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally with NO blending! Represented by using two DIFFERENT capital letters. Example: Dominant Black (B) + Dominant White (W) = Speckled Black and White Phenotype (BW)
Sickle Cell Anemia -
NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of
normal cells each Codominance Example: Speckled Chickens BB = black feathers WW = white feathers BW = black & white speckled feathers
Notice – NO GRAY! NO BLEND! Each feather is either black or white Codominance Example: Rhodedendron R = allele for red flowers W = allele for white flowers Cross a homozygous red flower with a homozygous white flower. Codominance Example: Roan cattle cattle can be red (RR – all red hairs) white (WW – all white hairs) roan (RW – red and white hairs together) Codominance Example: Appaloosa horses Gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses (WW). The heterozygous horse (GW) is an Appaloosa (a white horse with gray spots). Cross a white horse with an appaloosa horse.
W W
G GW GW
W WW WW Problem: Codominance Show the cross between an individual with sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier but not sick. GENOTYPES: N S - NS (50%) S SS (50%) NS SS - ratio 1:1 PHENOTYPES: S NS SS - carrier (50%) sick (50%) - ratio 1:1 Multiple Alleles there are more than two alleles for a gene. Ex – blood type consists of two dominant and one recessive allele options. Allele A and B are dominant over Allele O (i) Multiple Alleles: Lab Mouse Fur Colors Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles): black agouti yellow Multiple Alleles: Rabbit Fur Colors Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles): full, chinchilla, himalayan, albino Multiple Alleles: Blood Types (A, B, AB, O) Rules for Blood Types: A and B are co-dominant (Both show) AA or IAIA = type A BB or IBIB = type B AB or IAIB = type AB A and B are dominant over O (Regular dom/rec) AO or IAi = type A BO or IBi = type B OO or ii = type O Multiple Alleles: Blood Types (A, B, AB, O) Allele Can Can (antigen) Donate Receive Possible on RBC Blood Blood Phenotype Genotype(s) surface To From IA i A I A IA A A, AB A, O I Bi B IB IB B B, AB B, O A, B, AB IAIB AB AB AB, O A, B, O ii O AB, O O Problem: Multiple Alleles Show the cross between a mother who has type O blood and a father who has type AB blood.
GENOTYPES: i i - Ai (50%) A Bi (50%) Ai Ai - ratio 1:1 PHENOTYPES: B Bi Bi - type A (50%) type B (50%) - ratio 1:1 Problem: Multiple Alleles Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood.
GENOTYPES: A i -AB (25%); Bi (25%); Ai (25%); ii (25%) B AB Bi - ratio 1:1:1:1
PHENOTYPES: i Ai ii -type AB (25%); type B (25%) type A (25%); type O (25%) - ratio 1:1:1:1 Polygenic Traits traits produced by multiple genes example: skin color Sex-Linked Traits Gene is attached to the X chromosome only, not found on the Y chromosome at all. (women have XX, men have XY chromosomes). These disorders are more common in boys. examples: red-green colorblindness Sex-Linked Traits in males, there is no second X chromosome to “mask” a recessive gene. If they get an X with the disorder, they have it. Girls must inherit defective X’s from both parents. Sex-Linked Traits A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26 Normal vision
