Os Services
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Pratibha BahugunaOs Services
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Pratibha BahugunaOperating System Services
Common System Services
• Process Management
• Main Memory Management
• File Management
• I/O System Management
• Secondary Management
• Networking
• Protection System
• Command-Interpreter System
Operating System Concepts
Operating System Services
• Program execution – system capability to load a program into
memory and to run it.
• I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute I/O operations
directly, the operating system must provide some means to perform
I/O.
• File-system manipulation – program capability to read, write, create,
and delete files.
• Communications – exchange of information between processes
executing either on the same computer or on different systems tied
together by a network. Implemented via shared memory or message
passing.
• Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting errors in the
CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, or in user programs.
Operating System Concepts
Process Management
• A program does nothing unless its instructions are
executed by a CPU.
• A program in execution, as mentioned, is a process.
• A time-shared user program such as a compiler is a process.
• A word-processing program being run by an individual user
on a PC is a process.
• A system task, such as sending output to a printer, can also
be a process (or at least part of one).
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Process Management
• A process is a program in execution. A process needs
certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files,
and I/O devices, to accomplish its task.
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with process management.
– Process creation and deletion.
– process suspension and resumption.
– Provision of mechanisms for:
• process synchronization
• process communication
• Deadlock handling
Operating System Concepts
Main-Memory Management
• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its
own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible
data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
• Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its
contents in the case of system failure.
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with memory management:
– Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being
used and by whom.
– Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available.
– Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
Operating System Concepts
Storage Management
• To make the computer system convenient for users,
the operating system provides a uniform, logical
view of information storage.
• The operating system abstracts from the physical
properties of its storage devices to define a logical
storage unit, the file.
• The operating system maps files onto physical
media and accesses these files via the storage
devices
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File Management
• File management is one of the most visible components of
an operating system.
• Computers can store information on several different types
of physical media.
• Magnetic disk, optical disk, and magnetic tape are the most
common. Each of these media has its own characteristics
and physical organization.
• Each medium is controlled by a device, such as a disk drive
or tape drive, that also has its own unique characteristics.
These properties include access speed, capacity', data-
transfer rate, and access method (sequential or random).8
File Management
• The operating system implements the abstract
concept of a file by managing mass storage media,
such as tapes and disks, and the devices that
control them.
• Also, files are normally organized into directories to
make them easier to use.
• Finally, when multiple users have access to files, it
may be desirable to control by whom and in what
ways (for example, read, write, append) files may
be accessed.
Operating System Concepts
File Management
The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with file management:
• File creation and deletion.
• Directory creation and deletion.
• Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
• Mapping files onto secondary storage.
• File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
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Mass-Storage Management
• Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too small to
accommodate all data and programs permanently, the computer
system must provide secondary storage to back up main memory.
• Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line
storage medium, for both programs and data.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with disk management:
– Free space management
– Storage allocation
– Disk scheduling
Operating System Concepts
I/O System Management
• One of the purposes of an operating system is to hide the
peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user.
• For example, in UNIX, the peculiarities of I/O devices are
hidden from the bulk of the operating system itself by the
I/O subsystem. The I/O subsystem consists of several
components:
– A buffer-caching system
– A general device-driver interface
– Drivers for specific hardware devices
Operating System Concepts
Protection System
• Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling
access by programs, processes, or users to both
system and user resources.
• The protection mechanism must:
– distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.
– specify the controls to be imposed.
– provide a means of enforcement.
Operating System Concepts
Networking (Distributed Systems)
• A distributed system is a collection processors that do
not share memory or a clock. Each processor has its
own local memory.
• The processors in the system are connected through a
communication network.
• Communication takes place using a protocol.
• A distributed system provides user access to various
system resources.
• Access to a shared resource allows:
– Computation speed-up
– Increased data availability
– Enhanced reliability
Operating System Concepts
Command-Interpreter System
• Many commands are given to the operating
system by control statements which deal with:
– process creation and management
– I/O handling
– secondary-storage management
– main-memory management
– file-system access
– protection
– networking
Operating System Concepts
Command-Interpreter System (Cont.)
• The program that reads and interprets control
statements is called variously:
– command-line interpreter
– shell (in UNIX)
Its function is to get and execute the next
command statement.
Operating System Concepts
Additional Operating System Functions
Additional functions exist not for helping the user,
but rather for ensuring efficient system operations.
• Resource allocation – allocating resources to multiple
users or multiple jobs running at the same time.
• Accounting – keep track of and record which users
use how much and what kinds of computer resources
for account billing or for accumulating usage statistics.
• Protection – ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled.
