Aurora State College of Technology

Engineering Department
Brgy. Zabali, Baler, Aurora

IDEAL GASES

THERMODYNAMICS 1

Course Code: ME 313

Course Units: 3 Units ( Lec.- 3 hours, Lab.- 0 hour)
Prerequisite:

ENGR. MARCO A. SOLLANO

Instructor/Professor

Image: Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering by William Callister, Jr.

Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Ideal Gas
Y
gas law. 배 S E O
L
 An ideal gas is ideal only in the sense that it conforms to the simpleNperfect

스
Boyle’s Law
고 로 S E S U

킹 of P
O
배
 If the temperature of a given quantity R

알
gas is held constant, the volume of
U pressure during a change of state.
스
P
the gas varies inversely with the absolute
L
A
U C
T IO
A   𝟏   𝑪
고 로
킹
𝑽∞ 𝑽=
E D 𝒑 𝒑

FO R
 𝒑𝑽 =𝑪 알
 𝒑𝟏 𝑽 𝟏= 𝒑𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Charles’ Law
Y
스 배 S E O
 If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is held constant, then, N L
with any

로
change of state, the volume will vary directly as the absolute temperature.
S U

킹 고 P O S E
 𝑽 𝑽

배
 𝑽 ∞ 𝑻  𝑽 =𝑪𝑻  𝑽 𝟏 𝟐
R =

알
=𝑪
U 𝑻 𝑻 𝑻

스
P 𝟏 𝟐

Lquantity of gas is held constant, then, with any

A
로
 If the volume of a particular
change of state, theT IO will vary directly as the absolute temperature.
고
pressure
C A
U
FO
 𝑷 ∞ 𝑻E
R
D  𝒑=𝑪𝑻

알킹
 𝑷
𝑻
=𝑪  𝒑
𝑻
𝟏

𝟏
=
𝒑
𝟐
𝑻
𝟐
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Equation of State
Y
스 배
 Combining Boyle’s and Charles’ laws
SE ON L

 𝒑 𝟏 𝑽 𝟏

고 로
=𝑪 =
𝒑𝟐𝑽 𝟐
a constant
 𝒑𝑽
𝑻S
ES
=𝒎𝑹
U

킹
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 O
P 𝒑𝑽 =𝒎𝑹𝑻
알Where:
A L P U R
 𝒑𝒗=𝑹𝑻
스 배
unit mass
O
로
 𝒑=𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆
𝐕  =𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ATI
U
𝐯  =𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄
  E
D
C𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
킹 고
알
𝐦=𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
O R𝐓  =𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
F 𝐑=𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄
  𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Specific Heat
Y
스 배
 the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of unit mass
S E O
L
Nthrough

로
one degree.
 
S U
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 ( 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔)

고 E 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆)
In dimensional form  𝒄
S
( 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 ) (𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆

킹 P O
알In differential quantities
 
𝒄= P
A
𝒅𝑸UR
L𝒎𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑸=𝒎𝒄𝒅𝑻
 

스 배
For a particular mass m, A
U C
TIO  
𝑸= 𝒎 ∫ 𝒄𝒅𝑻
𝟐

고 로
(Specific heat equation)
D
킹
𝟏
E
O
Considering
F 𝑸=  
𝟐
𝒎𝒄 𝒅𝑻 =𝒎𝒄 (𝑻 −𝑻 )
∫
𝟏
𝟐
알
Rthe mean/instantaneous value of specific heat
𝟏 (Constant specific heat)
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Constant Volume Specific Heat
Y
스 배 S E ON L

고 로  𝑸 =Δ 𝑼
𝐯
S E S U

킹
 Δ𝑼
P O
알 Constant
AL P
R
U 𝑸𝐯 =𝒎 𝒄 𝐯 (𝑻 𝟐 − 𝑻 𝟏 )
스 배
IO
로
volume
T
 𝑸 U
ED
𝐯
C A
킹 고
FOR
알
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Constant Pressure Specific Heat
Y
 𝑾
스 배
 𝑸 =𝒎𝒄 (𝑻 −𝑻 E
S 𝟏)
O N L

로
𝐩 𝒑 𝟐
 𝑭
S U
고
  𝟐
𝑸 𝐩= Δ 𝑼S+𝑾 E =Δ 𝑼 +∫ 𝐩 𝒅𝑽
킹 P O
R
배
𝟏

알
 Δ𝑼
U𝐩= Δ𝑼 + 𝐩(𝑽 𝟐 − 𝑽 𝟏)
스
L P  𝑸
A
IO
로
Constant
T
고
 𝑸 =𝑼 − 𝑼 + 𝐩 𝑽 − 𝐩 𝑽
Pressure
C A 𝐩 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
U
FO
R E
 𝑸
𝐩
D  𝑸 =𝑯 − 𝑯 =Δ 𝑯
𝐩 𝟐 𝟏
알킹
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Ratio of Specific Heats
Y
 
𝒌=
스
𝒄
배 >𝟏 𝐩

S E O N L

로
𝒄 𝐯

S U
고
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
킹 P O S E

알
 Joule’s la states that “the change U
A
P
R
스 배
of internal energy of an ideal gas is a
L change”,
function of only the temperature

U C A T I  O
Δ 𝑼 =𝒎 𝒄 𝐯 (𝑻 𝟐 −𝑻 𝟏 )
고 로
FO R E D
알킹
Whether the volume remains constant or not
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas
Y
 

스 배
Δ 𝑯 =𝒎 𝒄 𝐩 (𝑻 𝟐 −𝑻 𝟏 )
S E O N L

고 로
Relation Between c and c S E S U
Whether the pressure remains constant or not

킹
p

P
v
O
알
 𝐡=𝐮+ 𝐩𝐯  𝐩𝐯=𝑹𝑻

AL PU R  𝒄 𝐝𝐓 =𝒄 𝐝𝐓 + 𝐑𝐝𝐓
𝐩 𝐯
스 배
로
 𝐝𝐡=𝐝𝐮+ 𝐑𝐝𝐓  𝒄 =𝒄 + 𝐑
T IO 𝐩 𝐯

E
U C A
D  𝒄 = 𝑹   𝒌𝑹
킹 고
알
R 𝐯 𝒄 𝐩=
F O 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 −𝟏
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Entropy
Y
스 배
 Property of a substance which remains constant if no heat enters O
S
L
N the
or leave
E increases or
로
substance, while it does work or alters its volume, but which
diminishes should a small amount of heat enter or leave.U
S

킹
 
𝐝𝐒=
𝒅𝑸
고 c
 
P O S E

알
 
Δ 𝐒=∫
𝟐
𝑻
𝐝𝐐
A L P U R
스 배
IO
로
𝐓
𝟏
T
A𝐓
고
  𝟐
𝐦𝐜 𝐝
Δ 𝐒=∫ UC

O  R
D
E 𝟐𝟏 𝐓

F Δ 𝐒=𝐦𝐜∫ 𝑻 =𝐦𝐜 𝒍𝒏 𝑻𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟐

알킹
𝟏 𝟏
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Temperature – Entropy Coordinates
Y
스 배 E
 𝐝𝐐=𝐓𝐝𝐒
S
ON L

로
 𝐓
U
  ES 𝟐

킹 고  𝟐
P OS𝑸=∫ 𝐓𝐝𝐒

알 A
PU R 𝟏

스
L The area under the curve of the process배
 𝟏

UC
ATIO
고 로
on the T-S plane represents the quantity

킹
of heat transferred during the process.
E D  𝐓

FOR
 𝐝𝐬  𝐬
알
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Other energy relations
Y
  𝟐
−∫ 𝐕𝐝𝐩 =𝑾 𝒔 + Δ 𝑲
스 배 S
O N
E ΔP = 0)
L

로
 𝐏 (Reversible steady flow,
𝟏
S U

킹 고 The area behind the curveE

P O S of the process on the p-V

배
 𝟏 planes represents the work of a steady flow process
R
알 U
when ΔK = 0, or it represents ΔK when W = 0.

스
L P s

A
𝐕
 
U
𝐝  𝐩
C AT IO Any
고 로
process that can be made to go in the reverse direction
by an infinitesimal change in the conditions is called a

킹
REVERSIBLE process.

E D
FO R  𝟐
알
Any process that is not reversible is IRREVERSIBLE.

𝐕
 
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS
Properties of Air
Y
Constituent

스
weight배
Molecular Chemical
symbol
Volumetric
analysis %
S
O N L
Gravimetric
analysis %
E 23.14
로 U
Oxygen 31.999 O2 20.95
S
고
Nitrogen 28.013 78.09 75.53
Argon 39.948
N2
S E0.93 1.28

킹 PO 0.03
Ar

배
Carbon dioxide 44.01 CO2 0.05
R
알 Mean molecular weight of airL= P
A
U
28.96
스
 Gas constant R = 0.287IO
C A T
Constituent U Molecular
kJ/kg K

고 로
킹
Chemical Volumetric Gravimetric
E D weight symbol analysis % analysis %

O R
Oxygen
F Nitrogen
Nitrogen/Oxygen
32
28
O
N 알 Ar
2

2
21
79
3.76:1
23.3
76.7
3.29:1
Engineering Department, Aurora State College of Technology

THERMODYNAMICS

Y
스 배 SE ON L

고 로 S ES U

킹 P O
알 PU
-End-
AL
R
스 배
U CATIO
고 로
FOR E D
알킹