EE 359: Wireless Communications

Professor Andrea Goldsmith

Next-Gen Cellular/WiFi
Smart Homes/Spaces
Autonomous Cars
Smart Cities
Body-Area Networks
Internet of Things
All this and more …
 About me
 Engineering prof dad, cartoonist mom
 Undergrad at UC Berkeley 1982-1986
 Worked in Silicon Valley 1986-1989
 Fell in love with wireless.
 Ph.D. from UCB: 1989-1994
 Summers at AT&T Bell Labs
 Taught at Caltech 1994-1999
 Moved to Stanford in 1999
 Lots of stuff in addition to research, teaching
 Founded 2 wireless companies: Quantenna (QTNA’06) and Plume
WiFi’10 Much work around diversity in STEM (in academia, industry,
and IEEE)
 Best Results: Daniel (22) and Nicole (20)
 Outline
 Course Basics
 Course Syllabus
 Wireless History
 The Wireless Vision
 Technical Challenges
 Current/Next-Gen Wireless Systems
 Spectrum Regulation and Standards
 Emerging Wireless Systems (Optional Lecture)
 Course Information *

People
 Instructor: Andrea Goldsmith, Pack 371, andrea@ee,
OHs: TTh immediately after class and by appt.

 TA: Tom Dean ([email protected])

 Discussion section: Wed 4-5 pm (hopefully taped)
 OHs: Wed 5-6pm, Th 4-5pm, Fri 11-12pm (tentative).
Emails received during OHs will be responded to during or
just after. Email questions are ideally via Piazza.
 Piazza: https://piazza.com/stanford/win2020/ee359/home. All
are registered, will use to poll on OH/discussion times
 Class Administrator: Dash Corbett, email:
[email protected], 365 Packard, 723-2681.
Homework *Seedropoff: Fri by for
web or handout 4 pm.
more details
 Course Information
Nuts and Bolts
 Prerequisites: EE279 or equivalent (Digital Communications)

 Textbook: Wireless Communications (by me), draft 2nd Ed.

 Available as reader at bookstore or on website
 Raffle for $100 Amazon gift card for typos/mistakes/suggestions
 Supplemental texts at Engineering Library.

 Class Homepage: www.stanford.edu/class/ee359

 All announcements, handouts, homeworks, etc. posted to website
 “Lectures” link continuously updates topics, handouts, and reading
 Calendar will show any changes to class/OH/discussion times

 Class Mailing List: ee359-win1920-students@lists (automatic

 Course Information
Policies
 Grading: Two Options
 No Project (3 units): HW – 25%, 2 Exams – 35%, 40%
 Project (4 units): HWs- 20%, Exams - 25%, 30%, Project - 25%

 HWs: assigned Thu, due following Fri 4pm (starts next week)
 Homeworks lose 33% credit after 4pm Fri, lowest HW dropped
 Up to 3 students can collaborate and turn in one HW writeup
 Collaboration means all collaborators work out all problems together
 Unpermitted collaboration or aid (e.g. solns for the book or from prior
years) is an honor code violation and will be dealt with strictly.
 Extra credit: up to 2 “design your own” HW problems; course eval
 Exams:
 Midterm week of 2/17 (It will be scheduled outside class time; the
duration is 2 hours.) Final on 3/17 from 3:30-6:30pm (pizza after)
 Exams must be taken at scheduled time (with very few exceptions)
 Course Information
Projects
 The term project (for students electing to do a project) is a
research project related to any topic in wireless

 Two people may collaborate if you convince me the sum of

the parts is greater than each individually

 A 1 page proposal is due 2/7 at midnight.

 5-10 hours of work typical for proposal
 Must create project website and post proposal there (submit web link)
 Preliminary proposals can be submitted for early feedback

 The project is due by midnight on 3/14 (on website)

 20-40 hours of work after proposal is typical for a project
 Course Syllabus
 Overview of Wireless Communications
 Path Loss, Shadowing, and Fading Models
 Capacity of Wireless Channels
 Digital Modulation and its Performance
 Adaptive Modulation
 Diversity
 MIMO Systems
 Multicarrier Systems: OFDM and other waveforms
 Multiuser and Cellular Systems
Tentative Detailed Syllabus
Lecture # Date Topic Required Reading

 
    Introduction  
1 1/7 Overview of Wireless Communications Chapter 1
Wireless Channel Models
Path Loss and Shadowing Models, Millimeter wave
2-3 1/9, 1/14 Chapter 2
propagation

4-5 1/17, 1/21 Statistical Fading Models, Narrowband Fading Section 3.1-3.2.3

6 1/23 Wideband Fading Models Section 3.3

Impact of Fading and ISI on Wireless Performance

7 1/28 Capacity of Wireless Channels Chapter 4

Lec 8: Chapter 5
8,9,10 1/30, 2/5, 2/6 Digital Modulation and its Performance
Lec 9-10: Chapter 6
Flat-Fading Countermeasures
11 2/11 Diversity Chapter 7
 
MT Week of 2/17 Midterm (outside class time) Chapters 2 to 7
 
12-13 2/13-2/18 Adaptive Modulation Chapter 9.1-9.3

14-15 2/21-2/25 Multiple Input/Output Systems (MIMO) Chapter 10, Appendix C

ISI Countermeasures
Multicarrier Systems, OFDM, and other multicarrier
16-17 2/27, 3/3 Chapter 12
waveforms
18-19 3/4-3/10 Multiuser and Cellular Systems Topics in Chapters 13-15
Course Summary

Course summary/final review (and optional advanced

20 3/12  
topics lecture over lunch)

Final 3/17 3:30-6:30pm Pizza party to follow

 Class Rescheduling
No lectures Thu 1/16, Tue 2/4, Thu 2/20 and Thu 3/5.

These lectures are tentatively rescheduled as:

 Lecture on Thu 1/16 is rescheduled to Fri 1/17 at lunch
 Lecture on Tue 2/4 is rescheduled to Wed 2/5 at lunch
 Lecture on Thu 2/20 is rescheduled to Fri 2/21 at lunch
 Lecture on Thu 3/5 is rescheduled to Wed 3/4 at lunch

Last lecture on 3/12 has an optional component 11:50-12:30

on advanced topics with lunch.
 Wireless History
 Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons,
 …
Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
 Many sophisticated military radio systems were
developed during and after WW2
 Exponential growth in cellular use since 1988:
approx. 8B worldwide users today
 Ignited the wireless revolution
 Voice, data, and multimedia ubiquitous
 Use in 3rd world countries growing rapidly
 Wifi also enjoying tremendous success and growth
 Bluetooth pervasive, satellites also widespread
 Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Next-Gen Cellular/WiFi
Smart Homes/Spaces
Autonomous Cars
Smart Cities
Body-Area Networks
Internet of Things
All this and more …
 Challenges
 Network/Radio Challenges 5-6G AdHoc

 Gbps data rates with “no” errors Short-Range

 Energy efficiency
 Scarce/bifurcated spectrum
 Reliability and coverage
 Heterogeneous networks
 Seamless internetwork handoff
 Device/SoC Challenges BT
Radio
 Performance GPS
Cellular
 Complexity Cog
 Size, Power, Cost, Energy
Mem
 High frequencies/mmWave WiFi
 Multiple Antennas CPU mmW
 Multiradio Integration
 Software-Defined (SD) Radio:
Is this the solution to the device challenges?
BT
FM/XM A/D
Cellular GPS

DVB-H
A/D
Apps DSP
Processor WLAN A/D
Media
Wimax
Processor A/D

 Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of desired signals

 DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized HW

Today, this is not cost, size, or power efficient

SubNyquist sampling may help with the A/D and DSP requirements
“Sorry America, your
airwaves are full*”

Source: FCC
 On the Horizon,
the Internet of Things
What is the Internet of Things:

 Enabling every electronic device to be connected

to each other and the Internet

 Includes smartphones, consumer electronics,

cars, lights, clothes, sensors, medical devices,…

 Value in IoT is data processing in the cloud

Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy consumption

 Are we at the Shannon
limit of the Physical Layer?
We are at the Shannon Limit
“The wireless industry has reached the theoretical limit of
how fast networks can go” K. Fitcher, Connected Planet
“We’re 99% of the way” to the “barrier known as
Shannon’s limit,” D. Warren, GSM Association Sr. Dir. of
Tech.
Shannon was wrong, there is no limit
“There is no theoretical maximum to the amount of data
that can be carried by a radio channel” M. Gass, 802.11
Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide
 “Effectively unlimited” capacity possible via personal cells
(pcells). S. Perlman, Artemis.
What would Shannon say?
We don’t know the Shannon
capacity of most wireless channels
 Time-varying channels.
Channels with interference or relays.
Cellular systems
Ad-hoc and sensor networks
Channels with delay/energy/$$$ constraints.

Shannon theory provides design insights

and system performance upper bounds
 Current/Next-Gen
Wireless Systems
 Current:
 4G Cellular Systems (LTE-Advanced)
 6G Wireless LANs/WiFi (802.11ax)
 mmWave massive MIMO systems
 Satellite Systems
 Bluetooth
 Zigbee
 WiGig
 Emerging
 5G Cellular and 7G WiFi Systems
 Ad/hoc and Cognitive Radio Networks Much room
 Energy-Harvesting Systems For innovation
 Chemical/Molecular
 Spectral Reuse
Due to its scarcity, spectrum is reused
In licensed bands and unlicensed bands

BS

Cellular Wifi, BT, UWB,…

Reuse introduces
 Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
 Geographic region divided into cells
 Freq./timeslots/codes/space reused in different cells (reuse 1 common).
 Interference between cells using same channel: interference mitigation key
 Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
 Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as complexity, handoff, …

BASE
STATION
MTSO
 4G/LTE Cellular
 Much higher data rates than 3G (50-100
Mbps)
 3G systems has 384 Kbps peak rates
 Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)
 More bandwidth, adaptive OFDM-MIMO,
reduced interference
 Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum
 10-20 MHz spectrum allocation common
 Low packet latency (<5ms).
 Reduced cost-per-bit (not clear to customers)

5G Upgrades from 4G
 Future Cellular Phones
Burden for this
Everything performance
wireless is on the backbone network
in one device
San Francisco

BS
BS

LTE backbone is the Internet

Internet
Paris
Nth-Gen Phone Nth-Gen
Cellular System Cellular

BS

Much better performance and reliability than today

- Gbps rates, low latency, 99% coverage, energy efficiency
 Wifi Networks
Multimedia Everywhere, Without Wires

802.11ac

• Streaming video
• Gbps data rates
• High reliability Wireless HDTV
• Coverage inside and out and Gaming
 Wireless LAN Standards
 802.11b (Old – 1990s)
 Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
 Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range Many
WLAN
cards
have many
 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late 1990s) generations
 Standard for 5GHz band (300 MHz)/also 2.4GHz
 OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
 Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

 802.11n/ac/ax or Wi-Fi 6 (current gen)

 Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band
 Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40/80/160 MHz
 Antennas: 2-4, up to 8

 Why does WiFi performance suck?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access:
if another WiFi signal
detected, random backoff

Collision Detection: if collision

detected, resend

 The WiFi standard lacks good mechanisms to mitigate

interference, especially in dense AP deployments
 Multiple access protocol (CSMA/CD) from 1970s
 Static channel assignment, power levels, and sensing thresholds
 In such deployments WiFi systems exhibit poor spectrum reuse
and significant contention among APs and clients
 Result is low throughput and a poor user experience

Self-Organizing Networks for WiFi

- Channel Selection
SoN
- Power Control
Controller
- etc.

SoN-for-WiFi: dynamic self-organization network

software to manage of WiFi APs.
Allows for capacity/coverage/interference mitigation
tradeoffs.
Also provides network analytics and planning.
 Satellite Systems

 Cover very large areas

 Different orbit heights
 Orbit height trades off coverage area for latency
 GEO (39000 Km) vs MEO (9000 km) vs LEO (2000 Km)
 Optimized for one-way transmission
 Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts
 Most two-way LEO systems went bankrupt in 1990s-
2000s
 LEOs have resurfaced with 4G to bridge digital divide
 Global Positioning System (GPS) ubiquitous
 Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
 Bluetooth
 Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
 Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up
to 3 Mbps

 Widely supported by telecommunications,

PC, and consumer electronics companies
8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Radios
 Low-rate low-power low-cost secure radio
 Complementary to WiFi and Bluetooth
 Frequency bands: 784, 868, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz
 Data rates: 20Kbps, 40Kbps, 250 Kbps
 Range: 10-100m line-of-sight
 Support for large mesh networking or star
clusters
 Support for low latency devices
 CSMA-CA channel access
 Applications: light switches, electricity meters,
traffic management, and other low-power
 Spectrum Regulation
 Spectrum a scarce public resource, hence allocated
 Spectral allocation in US controlled by FCC
(commercial) or OSM (defense)
 FCC auctions spectral blocks for set applications.
 Some spectrum set aside for universal use
 Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R
 Regulation is a necessary evil.
Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide
in multiple cognitive radio paradigms
 Standards
 Interacting systems require standardization
 Companies want their systems adopted as
standard
 Alternatively try for de-facto standards

 Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US

 IEEE standards often adopted
 Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts

Standards for current systems summarized in text Appendix D.

 Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T
 Advanced Topics Lecture: See Backup Slides

Emerging Systems
 New cellular system architectures
 mmWave/massive MIMO communications
 Software-defined network architectures
 Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks
 Cognitive radio networks
 Wireless sensor networks
 Energy-constrained radios
 Distributed control networks
 Chemical Communications
 Applications of Communications in Health, Bio-
medicine, and Neuroscience
 Main Points
 The wireless vision encompasses many exciting applications
 Technical challenges transcend all system design layers
 5G networks must support higher performance for some
users, extreme energy efficiency and/or low latency for
others
 Cloud-based software to dynamically control and optimize
wireless networks needed (SDWN)
 Innovative wireless design needed for 5G cellular/WiFi,
mmWave systems, massive MIMO, and IoT connectivity
 Standards and spectral allocation heavily impact the
evolution of wireless technology
 Backup Slides:
Emerging Systems
 Rethinking “Cells” in Cellular
How should cellular
Coop Small
MIMO Cell systems be designed for
Relay
- Capacity
- Coverage
DAS - Energy efficiency
- Low latency

 Traditional cellular design “interference-limited”

 MIMO/multiuser detection can remove interference
 Cooperating BSs form a MIMO array: what is a cell?
 Relays change cell shape and boundaries
 Distributed antennas move BS towards cell boundary
 Small cells create a cell within a cell
 Mobile cooperation via relays, virtual MIMO, network coding.
mmWave Massive MIMO
Dozens of devices
10s of GHz of Spectrum

Hundreds
of antennas

 mmWaves have large non-monotonic path loss

 Channel model poorly understood
 For asymptotically large arrays with channel state information, no
attenuation, fading, interference or noise
 mmWave antennas are small: perfect for massive MIMO
 Bottlenecks: channel estimation and system complexity
 Non-coherent design holds significant promise
Software-Defined Network Architectures
Video
Video Security
Security M2M
M2M App layer
Vehicular
Cloud Computing
Vehicular
Networks
Health
Health
Networks

Freq.
Freq. Power Self QoS
QoS CS
CS
Allocation
ICIC Opt. Threshold
Allocation Control Healing Opt. Threshold

Network Optimization
UNIFIED CONTROL PLANE

HW layer
Distributed Antennas

WiFi Cellular mmWave

… Ad-Hoc
Networks
 Ad-Hoc Networks

 Peer-to-peer communications
 No backbone infrastructure or centralized control
 Routing can be multihop.
 Topology is dynamic.
 Fully connected with different link SINRs
 Open questions
 Fundamental capacity region
 Resource allocation (power, rate, spectrum, etc.)
 Routing
 Cognitive Radios
CRTx CRRx
IP
NCR
NCR CR CR NCRRx
NCRTx

MIMO Cognitive Underlay Cognitive Overlay

 Cognitive radios support new users in existing
crowded spectrum without degrading licensed users
 Utilize advanced communication and DSP techniques
 Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies

 Multiple paradigms
 (MIMO) Underlay (interference below a threshold)
 Interweave finds/uses unused time/freq/space slots
 Overlay (overhears/relays primary message while
 Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control
• Smart homes/buildings
• Smart structures
• Search and rescue
• Homeland security
• Event detection
• Battlefield surveillance

 Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint

 Data flows to centralized location (joint compression)
 Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes
 Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices
 Energy-Constrained Radios
 Transmit energy minimized by sending bits slowly
 Leads to increased circuit energy consumption

 Short-range networks must consider both transmit

and processing/circuit energy.
 Sophisticated encoding/decoding not always energy-
efficient.
 MIMO techniques not necessarily energy-efficient
 Long transmission times not necessarily optimal
 Multihop routing not necessarily optimal
 Sub-Nyquist sampling can decrease energy and is sometimes
optimal!
 Where should energy come from?

• Batteries and traditional charging mechanisms

• Well-understood devices and systems

• Wireless-power transfer
• Poorly understood, especially at large distances and with
high efficiency

• Communication with Energy Harvesting Radios

• Intermittent and random energy arrivals
• Communication becomes energy-dependent
• Can combine information and energy transmission
• New principles for radio and network design needed.
Distributed Control over Wireless
Automated Vehicles
- Cars
- Airplanes/UAVs
- Insect flyers

Interdisciplinary design approach

• Control requires fast, accurate, and reliable
feedback.
• Wireless networks introduce delay and loss
• Need reliable networks and robust controllers
: Many design challenges
•
 Chemical Communications

 Can be developed for both macro (>cm) and

micro (<mm) scale communications
 Greenfield area of research:
 Need new modulation schemes, channel impairment
mitigation, multiple acces, etc.
 Applications in Health,
Biomedicine and Neuroscience
Neuroscience
-Nerve network
Body-Area (re)configuration
Networks -EEG/ECoG signal
processing
- Signal processing/control
for deep brain stimulation
- SP/Comm applied to
bioscience
Recovery from Nerve Damage

ECoG Epileptic Seizure Localization

EEG

ECoG