An Introduction to
BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
CONTENT
• Overview of Bluetooth History
• The Bluetooth Specifications
• Typical Bluetooth Scenario
• Protocols
• Profiles
• Security
• Comparison with other technologies
• Future of Bluetooth
• Summary
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Example : The Networked Home
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What is Bluetooth?
• “Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a
low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc
wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the
world.”
One of the first modules (Ericsson) A recent module
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Ultimate Headset
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Cordless Computer
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Bluetooth Goals & Vision
• Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology
• Short-Range Wireless Solutions
• Open Specification
• Voice and Data Capability
• Worldwide Usability
• Other usage models began to develop:
— Personal Area Network (PAN)
— Ad-hoc networks
— Data/voice access points
— Wireless telematics
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Overview of Bluetooth History
• What is Bluetooth?
— Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.
• Why this name?
— It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who
unified Denmark and Norway.
• When does it appear?
— 1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones &
accessories.
— 5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in
1998.
— First specification released in July 1999.
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Timeline
• 1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision
• 1995 : Engineering work begins
• 1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate
• 1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba
• 1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A
SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft &
Motorola
• 2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters
• 2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1
• 2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2
• 2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)
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Special Interest Group
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Technical features
Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping)
Connection Type
& Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec)
2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of
Spectrum
spectrum = 79 channels)
Modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Transmission Power 1 mw – 100 mw
Data Rate 1 Mbps
Range 30 ft
Supported Stations 8 devices
Data Security –Authentication Key 128 bit key
Data Security –Encryption Key 8-128 bits (configurable)
Module size 9 x 9 mm
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Bluetooth FHSS
• Employs frequency hopping
spread spectrum
• Reduce interference with
other devices
• Pseudorandom hopping
• 1600 hops/sec- time slot is
defined as 625 microseconds
• Packet 1-5 time slots long
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Time-Division Duplex Scheme
• Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625 s)
• One packet can be transmitted per slot
• Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving
— Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slaves
— Master can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots
— Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots
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Classification
• Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated &
corresponding maximum Range.
POWER RANGE
CLASS I 20 dBm 100 m
CLASS II 0-4 dBm 10 m
CLASS III 0 dBm 1m
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Typical Bluetooth Scenario
• Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point and
point-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in a
piconet.
• Point to Point Link m s
— Master - slave relationship
— Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves
• Piconet
— It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves
(max 7) m
— Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to
which users synchronize to
— Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps) s s s
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Piconet Structure
Master
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
• All devices in piconet hop together.
• Master’s ID and master’s clock determines frequency hopping
sequence & phase.
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Ad-hoc Network – the Scatternet
• Inter-piconet communication
• Up to 10 piconets in a
scatternet
• Multiple piconets can operate
within same physical space
• This is an ad-hoc, peer to
peer (P2P) network
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
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Baseband
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Baseband
• Addressing
— Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
– 48 bit IEEE MAC address
— Active Member address (AM_ADDR)
– 3 bits active slave address
– all zero broadcast address
— Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)
– 8 bit parked slave address
• This MAC address is split into three parts
— The Non-significant Address Part (NAP)
– Used for encryption seed
— The Upper Address part (UAP)
– Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation
— The Lower Address Part (LAP)
– Used for FH sequence generation
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Packet Structure
72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits
Access Header Payload
Code
Voice header Data CRC
No CRC ARQ
FEC (optional) FEC (optional)
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Connection State Machine
Inquiry Page
Standby Connected
Transmit data
Park Hold Sniff
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Channel Establishment
• There are two managed situations
— A device knows the parameters
of the other
– It follows paging process
— No knowledge about the other
– Then it follows inquiring &
paging process
• Two main states and sub-states Connection
State
— Standby (no interaction) Machine
— Connection (working)
— Seven more sub-states for
attaching slaves & connection
establishment
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Channel Establishment (contd.)
• Seven sub-states
— Inquiry
— Inquiry scan
— Inquiry response
— Page
— Page scan
— Master response
— Slave response
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Link Manager Protocol
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Link Manager Protocol
• The Link Manager carries out link setup, authentication & link
configuration.
• Channel Control
— All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master
– The master uses polling process for this
— The master is the first device which starts the connection
– This roles can change (master-slave role switch)
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L2CAP
• Service provided to the higher layer:
— L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data
services to upper layer protocols
— Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities
— Segmentation & reassembly of large packets
— L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit
and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.
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Middleware Protocol Group
•Additional transport protocols to
allow existing and new applications to
operate over Bluetooth. Applications
IP
•Packet based telephony control SDP RFCOMM
ol
signaling protocol also present.
nt r
Data
Co
•Also includes Service Discovery
Protocol. L2CAP
Audio
Link Manager
Middleware Protocol Group Baseband
RF
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Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)
• Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
— Means for applications to discover device info, services and its
characteristics.
• TCP/IP
— Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.
• RFCOMM
— Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.
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IP Over Bluetooth
• IP over Bluetooth v 1.0
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IP Over Bluetooth
• IP over Bluetooth v 1.1
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File Transfer Profile
• Profile provides:
• Enhanced client-server interactions:
- browse, create, transfer folders
- browse, pull, push, delete files
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Headset Profile
• Profile provides:
• Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection &
accept/terminate calls.
• Volume can be controlled from either device.
• Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.
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Core Bluetooth Products
• Notebook PCs & Desktop • CD Player
computers
• TV/VCR/DVD
• Printers
• Access Points
• PDAs
• Telephone Answering
• Other handheld devices Devices
• Cell phones • Cordless Phones
• Wireless peripherals: • Cars
• Headsets
• Cameras
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Other Products…
• 2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430
— hands free calls
• Digital Pulse Oximetry System
• Toshiba Washer & Dryer
• Nokia N-gage
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Security
• Security Measures
— Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
— Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.
— Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
— These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are
transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain
information known to the device, can generate the keys.
— Further encryption can be done at the application layer.
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A Comparison
WLAN
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Bluetooth vs. IrD
• Bluetooth •IrD
— Point to Multipoint —Point to point
—Intended for Data
— Data & Voice
Communication
— Easier Synchronization due
—Infrared, LOS communication
to omni-directional and no
—Can not penetrate solid objects
LOS requirement
—Both devices must be stationary,
— Devices can be mobile for synchronization
— Range 10 m —Range 1 m
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Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow
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Will Bluetooth become a household name?
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Future of Bluetooth
• Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into
consumer products
— Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
— Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products
— Must provide benefits for consumer
— Must not destroy current product benefits
• Key Success Factors
— Interoperability
— Mass Production at Low Cost
— Ease of Use
— End User Experience
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Summary
• A new global standard for data and voice
• Eliminate Cables
• Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
• Future Improvements
— Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal
resource allocation and utilization.
— Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented
to further reduce unnecessary power usage.
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“Things that think…
don’t make sense unless they
link.”
- Nicholas Negroponte, MIT Media Laboratory
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Thank You
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