Computer History: Kristianne Aleza Marie L. Javier Instructor

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COMPUTER

HISTORY

Chapter 4

Kristianne Aleza Marie L. Javier


Instructor
What came before computers?
MANUAL CALCULATORS

• A manual calculator is a device


that assists in the process of numeric
calculations, but requires the human
operator to keep track of the
algorithm.
MANUAL CALCULATORS
• A manual calculator called
an abacus was used in
ancient Rome, Greece,
India, China, and Japan.
Only recently has it been
replaced by handheld
digital calculators
ABACUS
• known as the first
invented manual data
processing device.
• An abacus, like the
one in picture, consists
of beads mounted on
rods within a
rectangular frame.
Each bead represents
a quantity—1, 5, 10,
50, and so on.
MANUAL CALCULATORS
John Napier • Scottish Laird of
Merchiston, made two
contributions to the
field of mathematics.
He invented
logarithms and a
device for
multiplication and
division called
Napier’s Bone.
NAPIER’S BONES
• The device consisted of several
rods, divided into ten squares,
each labeled with two numbers.
The rods were positioned according
to the numbers in a calculation,
and the result was determined by
adding values shown in a specific
location on the rods.
• It consist of a set of eleven rods
made of ivory sticks with numbers
carved on them. It can perform
multiplication and division by
simply placing the rods side by
side
MANUAL CALCULATORS
William Oughtred
• In 1621, an English
mathematician named
William Oughtred used
Napier’s logarithms to
construct the first
slide rule.
SLIDE RULE
• It was first built in England. It consists of two
movable rulers placed side by side and by sliding
the rulers you can quickly obtain the product and
quotient of a numbers.
• Slide rules, like the one picture, remained in use
as an essential tool for students, engineers, and
scientists through the 1960s.
When did machines begin to
perform calculations?
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS

• Mechanical calculator implements


algorithms autonomously. To work a
mechanical calculator, the operator simply
enters the numbers for a calculation, and
then pulls a lever or turns a wheel to carry
out the calculation. No thinking—or at
least very little—is required.
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Mechanical calculators were
developed as early as 1623,
when a German professor
named Wilhelm Schickard
created a mechanical calculator
(called Schickard’s
Calculator) with a series of
interlocking gears. Each of the
ten spokes on a gear
represented a digit. Every time
a gear completed a full circle, it
moved the next gear one notch
to the left to “carry the 1.”
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Blaise Pascal • In 1642, a Frenchman
named Blaise Pascal
developed the Pascaline.
• A seventeenth-century
French mathematician and
scientist. He was one of
the first modern scientists
to develop and built a
calculator. In mid 1642 he
invented the Pascaline as
an aid for his father who
was a tax collector
PASCALINE

• Pascaline or Pascal’s Calculator– a


device that could perform addition and
subtraction of numbers of up to eight digits. A
Pascaline consisted of gears and cylinders
which rotated to display the numerical result.
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz

• A German baron who


created another
mechanical calculator
in 1673 named
Leibniz Calculator
LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR

• Leibniz’s Calculator– considered as the


modified version of the work of Pascal’s
Calculator, it uses the same concept in adding
and subtracting numbers. It can also perform
multiplication and division and extract square
roots of a numbers.
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
• 1820, however, that Thomas de
Colmar’s Arithmometer became
the first mass-produced calculator.
When did calculating devices
begin to operate without human
power?
In 1822, an English
mathematician named
Charles Babbage
proposed a device called
the Difference Engine
that would operate using
steam power—cutting-
edge technology during
Babbage’s lifetime. He
was considered to be the
“Father of the Computing”.
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
• The Difference Engine was intended to quickly
and accurately calculate large tables of numbers
used for astronomical and engineering
applications. Babbage worked on the Difference
Engine until 1833, but he was unable to fabricate
gears with the necessary precision to create a
working version of this complex mechanical
device.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
In 1834, Babbage began
designing a new general-
purpose calculating device,
called the Analytical Engine.
Although the Analytical Engine
was never completed,
computer historians believe
that its design embodies many
of the concepts that define the
modern computer, including
memory, a programmable
processor, an output device,
and user-definable input of
programs and data.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• Augusta Ada Byron,
Lady Lovelace – Ada
worked with Babbage. Ada
suggested to Babbage, writing
a plan for how the Analytical
Engine might calculate
Bernoulli numbers, she wrote
a series of “Note” where she
demonstrated a sequence if
instructions she had prepared
for the Analytic Engine. This
plan is now regarded as the
first “Computer Programmer.”
This is why many refer to her
as the “First Programmer”.
PUNCHED CARD
• Herman Hollerith is the
father of modern machine
data processing. His
invention of the punched
card machine marked the
beginning of the
automatic data
processing age. Whereas
punched cards had
previously been used to
control looms, Hollerith
now used them to store
data.
HOLLERITH INCORPORATED
• Hollerith incorporated The Tabulating
Machine Company in 1896. In 1924, the
name of the company was changed to
International Business Machines, better
known today as IBM. Since it was
founded, IBM has become a major player
in the computer industry.
HOLLERITH’S PUNCHED CARD
• an electromagnetic counting
machine invented by
Herman Hollerith. It used
punched cards to sort the
data manually and tabulate
the data during the 1890 US
census. It has a card reader
which senses the holes in
the cards, a gear-drive
mechanism for counting, and
displays the results on a
large wall of dial indicators.
Who invented the computer?
• A prototype is an experimental
device that typically must be further
developed and perfected before
going into production and becoming
widely available.
Who invented the computer?
• Between 1937 and 1942, an Iowa State
University professor, John V. Atanasoff,
and a graduate student, Clifford E. Berry,
worked on a prototype for an electronic
computer.
• The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
was the first to use vacuum tubes instead
of mechanical switches for processing
circuitry. Its design also incorporated the
idea of basing calculations on the binary
number system.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)

The ABC, shown above,is often considered the first electronic digital
computer. According to one historian, “The ABC first demonstrated in
1939 may not have been much of a computer, just as the Wrights’
model was not much of an airplane, but it opened the way.”
FIRST WORKING COMPUTER
• In 1939, IBM sponsored an engineer
named Howard Aiken, who embarked on
an audacious plan to integrate 73 IBM
Automatic Accounting Machines into a
single unified computing unit. What
emerged was a mechanical computer
officially named the IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC),
but now usually referred to as the
Harvard Mark I
HARVARD MARK I

Harvard Mark I was digital but used decimal rather


than binary representation.
Were prototypes able to
perform any real computing?
COLOSSUS

• Created in 1943, by a team of British developers


• electronic device designed to decode messages
encrypted by the German Enigma machine
• contained 1,800 vacuum tubes, used binary
arithmetic, and was capable of reading input at
the rate of 5,000 characters per second
Were prototypes able to perform any
real computing?
ENIAC

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and


Computer)
• In 1943 a team headed by John W. Mauchly and
J. Presper Eckert started the development.
• designed to calculate trajectory tables for the
U.S. Army.
• It wasn’t finished until November 1945, three
months after the end of World War II.
• 100 feet long and 10 feet high and weighed 30
tons
Were prototypes able to perform any
real computing?
ENIAC
• 18,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 174,000
watts of power
• Could perform 5,000 additions per second
• Programmed by manually connecting cables and
setting 6,000 switches—a process that generally
took two days to complete.
• ENIAC was formally dedicated at the Moore
School of Electrical Engineering of the University
of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946.
• ENIAC received several upgrades and remained in
service until 1955.
Reference
• New Perspectives on Computer
Concepts, 2011, Comprehensive,
June Jamrich Parsons, Dan Oja

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