Digital Filter Design
Digital Filter Design
Introduction
•A Frequency selective filter means the LTI system that passes certain frequency
•In general, any system modifies certain frequencies relative to others is also called a
filter.
•Digital filter is a linear time-invariant systems that passes certain desired frequency
• Depending on the impulse response of a system, the digital filters are divided into
two types, namely, FIR filters and IIR filters.
• If the impulse response of the filter is of finite duration the filter is known as FIR
filter and if the impulse response is of infinite duration, then the filter is known
as IIR filter.
• The process of deriving the transfer function H(z) is called digital filter design.
Stages of Digital Filter
• Filters are of four types, Low Pass Filters, High Pass Filters, Band Pass
Filters and Band Stop Filters.
Have infinite duration
Non causal
Difficult to realize
• Low Pass Filters: The low pass filter allows the signal in the frequency
range 0 < ω < ωc and block the signal in the stop band ω > ωc .
• High Pass Filters: A high pass filter allows the signal in the frequency
above ω > ωc and rejects the signal between 0 < ω < ωc .
• Band Pass Filters: A band pass filter allows the signal between ωc1 to ωc2
and rejects the other signal.
• Band Stop Filters: A band stop filter rejects the signal between ωc1 to ωc2
and passes the remaining signal.
Digital Filter Specifications
•Digital Filter Specifications: The characteristics of a filter can be specified in frequency domain.
The key factors are:
•ωp = The pass band edge frequency in radians
• According to the length of their impulse response sequences, the digital filters
are usually classified as:
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters
M
r
b z r
H ( z) r 0
N
1 ak z k
k 1
• The design of a digital filter from an analog prototype requires that, to transform h a(t) to h(n) or
Ha(s) to H(z).
• Points in the left-half s-plane should map to points inside the unit circle to preserve the
stability of the analog filter.
• The mapping m(z) should be a rational function of z so that a rational H a(s) is mapped to
a rational H(z).
• The basic idea behind the conversion of an analog prototype transfer function H a(s)
into a digital IIR transfer function G(z) is to apply a mapping from the s-domain to
the z-domain so that the essential properties of the analog frequency response are
preserved.
Pa s
H a s
Da s
Definition
• This method is not suitable for high pass and band stop filters design.
Filter Design by Bilinear Transformation
• Avoids the aliasing problem of impulse invariance
• Maps the entire s-plane onto the unit-circle in the z-plane
– Nonlinear transformation
– Frequency response subject to warping
• Bilinear transformation
2 1 z 1
s 1
Td 1 z
• Transformed system function
2 1 z 1
H z Hc 1
Td 1 z
• Again Td cancels out so we can ignore it
• We can solve the transformation for z as
1 Td / 2 s 1 Td / 2 jTd / 2
z
1 Td / 2 s 1 Td / 2 jTd / 2
• Maps the left-half s-plane into the inside of the unit-circle in z
– Stable in one domain would stay in the other
• On the unit circle the transform becomes
1 jTd / 2
z e j
1 jTd / 2
• Which yields
2 T
tan or 2 arctan d
Td 2 2
To design a digital filter meeting the desired (digital)
specifications we have to :
• FIR filter usually found in application where waveform distortion due to non linear phase
is harmful.
• In particular, we shall focus on frequency-selective lowpass filters, which suppress high-
frequency components.
Advantages and Disadvantage of FIR Filter
• Linear phase filters maintain the relative positioning of the sinusoids in the
filter passband.
• This maintains the structure of the signal while removing unwanted frequency
components.