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Basic Proportionality Theorem

Saksham Gupta, a class 10 student, introduces the basic proportionality theorem in mathematics. The theorem states that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, intersecting the other two sides, the sides are divided in the same ratio. Proofs are provided for acute, right, and obtuse triangles. Thales, a Greek mathematician, is believed to have discovered and used this theorem, now known as the Thales theorem.

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3K views16 pages

Basic Proportionality Theorem

Saksham Gupta, a class 10 student, introduces the basic proportionality theorem in mathematics. The theorem states that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, intersecting the other two sides, the sides are divided in the same ratio. Proofs are provided for acute, right, and obtuse triangles. Thales, a Greek mathematician, is believed to have discovered and used this theorem, now known as the Thales theorem.

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Pau Blas
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHS

PROJECT
Basic Proportionality
Theorem
Student’s Introduction
Name : Saksham Gupta
Class : X A
Roll No. : 23
Student’s I. D. : 27/2000
Teacher’s name : Mr. Jagmohan Sharma
Subject : Maths
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY
THEOREM
The ratio of any two corresponding sides in two
equiangular triangles is always the same.
It is believed that he had used a result called
the Basic Proportionality Theorem (now known as
the Thales Theorem) for the same. It states
that :
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of
a triangle to intersect the other two
sides in distinct points, the other two
sides are divided in the same ratio.
Proof of BPT for Acute Triangle
We are given a triangle ABC in which a line parallel to
side BC intersects other two sides AB and AC at D
and E respectively.

A
N M
D E

B C
To Prove: AD = AE
DB EC
join BE and CD and then draw DM ⊥ AC and
EN ⊥ AB.
area of Δ ADE =1 (base × height) =1 AD × EN.
2 2
ar(ADE) = 1 AD × EN
2
ar(BDE) = 1 DB × EN,
2
ar(ADE) =1/2 AE × DM and ar(DEC) = ½ EC × DM.
ar(ADE)= 1/2 AD × EN = AD (1)
ar(BDE) 1/2 DB × EN DB

ar(ADE) = 1/2 AE × DM = AE (2)


ar(DEC) ½ EC × DM EC
Note that Δ BDE and DEC are on the same
base DE and between the same parallels
BC and DE.
So, ar(BDE) = ar(DEC) (3)

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3), we have :


AD = AE
DB EC
FOR RIGHT TRIANGLE
A
Given: ABC is a right triangle
DE || BC
D E
To prove : AB= AE
DB EC
B C
Construction : Join CD and BE
Draw DM  AC
Draw DE  AB
Proof : We know, DE || BC
Ar (ADE) = ½ x base x altitude = ½ DE x AD
Ar(BDE) = ½ x BDx DE
Ar(ADE)= ½ x AE x DM
Ar(CDE) = ½ EFC x DM

Ar(ADE) = ½x AD x DE = AD (1)
Ar(BDE) = ½ x BD x DE =BD

Ar (ADE) = ½ x AE x DM = AE (2)
Ar (CDE) ½ x EC x DM EC
Both triangle BDE & triangle CDE are on
the same base DE and between the same
parallels DE & BC.

Ar ( BDE) = Ar(CDE) (3)


From (1), (2) and (3) we get
AD= AE
DB EC
Hence proved.
Proof for obtuse angled triangle
Given : Triangle ABC is and obtuse angled
triangle. MN|| BC
To Prove : AM= AN
MB NC A D
N
M
E
B C
Construction : Join MC and NB
Draw NE  AB
Draw MD  AM
Proof : Ar ( AMN) = ½ base x altitude = ½ x AM x NE
Ar(BMN)= ½ x BMxNE
Ar(AMN )= ½ x AN x MD
Ar ( CMN) = ½ NC x MD

Ar (AMN) = ½ x Am x NE = AM (1)
Ar (BMN) = ½ X BM x NE = BM

Ar (AMN) = ½ x AN x MD = AN (2)
Ar (CMN) ½ x NC x MD NC
Both triangle BMN and triangle CMN are on
the same base MN and between the same
parallels MN and BC.
Ar ( BMN) = Ar (CMN) (3)
From (1) , (2) and (3) we get
AM = AN
BM NC

HENCE PROVED.
HISTORY OF BPT
Thales, an engineer by trade, was the first of the Seven
Sages, or wise men of Ancient Greece. Thales is known
as the first Greek philosopher, mathematician and
scientist. He founded the geometry of lines, so is given
credit for introducing abstract geometry.
While Thales was in Egypt, he was supposedly able to
determine the height of a pyramid by measuring the
length of its shadow when the length of his own shadow
was equal to his height. Thales learned about the
Egyptian rope-pullers and their methods of surveying
land for the Pharaoh using stakes and ropes. Property
boundaries had to be re-established each year after the
Nile flooded. 
Thales is credited with the following five
theorems of geometry:
A circle is bisected by its diameter.
Angles at the base of any isosceles triangle
 are equal.
If two straight lines intersect, the opposite
angles formed are equal.
If one triangle has two angles and one side
equal to another triangle, the two triangles
are equal in all respects.
Any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right
angle. This is known as Thales' Theorem.

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