TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
401065
ELECTRIC MACHINES
CHAPTER 2
TRANSFORMERS

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 CHAPTER 2: TRANSFORMERS
2.1. Introduction
2.2. No-load conditions
2.3. Effect of secondary current. Ideal transformer
2.4. Transformer reactances and equivalent circuit
2.5. Engineering aspects of transformer analysis
2.6. Autotransformers; Multiwinding transformers
2.7. Three-phase transformers
2.8. Instrument transformer

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 OBJECTIVES
 Remember the construction, working
principle and applications of transformers
 Understand the equivalent circuit
 Apply to calculate no-loaded and loaded
condition: currents, voltages, energy and
efficiency
 Analysis operational characteristics

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.1. What is transformers?
Transformer is a static device with transforms AC
electric power from one voltage to another voltage
keeping the same frequency.

Connect to
AC source Connect to
load

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.2. Applications
 Power transmission

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.2. Applications
 Transformers are
also used
extensively in
electronic products
to the supply
voltage to a level
suitable for the low
voltage circuits they
contain.

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.2. Applications
 Variable autotransformer

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.2. Applications
 Welding transformer

 Instrument transformer
- Current transformer (CT)
- Voltage transformer (VT)

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.3. Construction
 Basically a
transformer
consists of two
inductive windings
and a laminated
steel core.
 Another pars :
- Tank
- Cooling
- Tap changer
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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.3. Construction
 The iron core is made of thin laminated silicon
steel (2-3 % silicon) in order to reduce eddy
current.
 Two types of iron-core construction : Core-type
and Shell-type

A) Core type B) Shell type

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.4. The transformer ratings
 The transformer ratings are specified by
manufactures and printed on nameplate.
 Transformer voltage, current, power rating must
not be exceeded; doing so will destroy the
transformer.

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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
2.1.4. The transformer ratings
Typical Ratings:
 Rated voltage: specified for primary and secondary
windings  gives us turn ratio a:
V1( rated ) N1
 a
V2 ( rated ) N2
Note: the V2(rated) is received when no-load. In loaded
condition, this value will be up or down depend on type of
load.
 Rated current: specified for primary and secondary
windings  the current in full load condition.
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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
 Typical Ratings:
 Rated Power : is specified in volt-amperes  the
mount of power the transformer can deliver to load.
• 1-phase transformer :

VA  V1( rated ) .I1( rated )  V2( rated ) I 2( rated )

• 3-phase transformer:
VA  3.V1( rated ) I1( rated )  3.V2 ( rated ) I 2 ( rated )

Why a transformer rating

in KVA not in KW ?
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 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
Example 2.1
1.5kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage
of 144/240 V. Find its full load current.
Solution:
1500
I1FL   10.45 A
144
1500
I 2 FL   6A
240

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 2.2. NO-LOAD CONDITION
 Apply an AC voltage V1
to primary and secondary
circuit is opened.

 A small AC current Iφ
flows in primary winding
and establishes an
alternate flux  in the
magnetic circuit.
  max . sin t

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 2.2. NO-LOAD CONDITION
 As Faraday’s law, this flux induces an Emf in
primary and secondary winding:
d d1 2
e1  N1  E1  . f . N1 , max
dt dt 2
 . N1.max . cos t  4,44. f . N1.max
 2 . E1 cos t 2
E2  . f . N 2 , max
d d2 2
e2  N 2 
dt dt  4,44. f . N 2 .max
 . N 2 .max . cos t •  flux in the core linking both
 2 . E2 cos t windings
•  = N.  flux linkage of the winding
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 2.2. NO-LOAD CONDITION
 If the resistive voltage drop is negligible, the
counter Emf equals the applied voltage E1 = V1
V1
max 
4,44. f . N1
 The phasor diagram:
Ic • I = no-load current
E 1
c or exciting current
• Im = magnetization current
Im • Ic = iron-loss current
I


 The core loss : Pc  E1. I . cos  c
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 2.2. NO-LOAD CONDITION
Example 2.1:
The core loss and exciting volt-ampere for the core at
Bmax=1,5T; f =50Hz; were found to be: Pc=16W;
(V.I)rms=20 (VA). And the induced voltage was 194 V(rms)
when winding had 200 turns. Find : the power factor, the
core-loss current Ic, and the magnetizing current Im
Solution:
Pc 16  0,8    36,87
- Power factor: cos  c 
(V . I )

20 c

- Exciting current: I  V . I E  20 194  0,1Arms

1
- Core-loss current: Ic = I . cosc = 0,1. 0,8 = 0,08 A
- Magnetizing current: Im = I . sinc = 0,1. 0,6 = 0,06 A
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 2.3. EFFECT OF SECONDARY
CURRENT; IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Ideal transformer is characterized by:
 No real power loss
 No leakage flux
 Magnetic core has infinite permeability (μ)
d
v1  e1  N1
dt
d
v2  e2  N 2
dt
v1 e1 N1
  a
v2 e2 N 2
a - the turns ratio of the transformer
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 2.3. EFFECT OF SECONDARY
CURRENT; IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 With no real power loss :
Input power  output power
V1I1 cos1  V2 I 2 cos 2

 Therefore :

V1 I 2 N1 a > 1  N1 > N2  Step-down transformer

  a
V2 I1 N 2 a < 1  N1 < N2  Step-up transformer

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 2.3. EFFECT OF SECONDARY
CURRENT; IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Transferring an impedance from one side of a
transformer to the other side

 V1 
  Z1
V2  a 1 V1 1 Z2  2 Z1  a 2 .Z 2
Z2    2 .  2 .Z1 a
I 2 1 
I .a a 
I 1 a
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 2.3. EFFECT OF SECONDARY
CURRENT; IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Summary:
In an ideal transformer, voltages are transformed in the
direct ratio of turns, currents in the inverse ratio, and
impedances in the direct ratio squared; power and volt-
amperes are unchanged.

V1  a.V2 V1
V2 
N1 a V1. I 1 V2 . I 2
a I2
N2 I1  I 2  a. I 1
a
Z1  a .Z 2
2 Z1
Z2  2
a
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 2.3. EFFECT OF SECONDARY
CURRENT; IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Example
An ideal transformer with an impedance R2+jX2=1+j4() connected
in series with the secondary. The turns ratio N1/N2=5.
a/ Draw an equivalent circuit with the series impedance
referred to the primary side.
b/ For a primary voltage
of 120 Vrms and a short
connected across the
terminals A-B, calculate
the primary current and
the current flowing in the
short.

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 2.4. TRANSFORMER REACTANCES
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
2.4.1. The real transformer:
- Have power loss
- Have leakage flux
- Have finite permeability of magnetic core
The real power loss :
 Resistance in winding (I2R)
 Core losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis

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 2.4. TRANSFORMER REACTANCES
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
2.4.1. The real transformer:
The flux leakage Resultant mutual flux

Primary leakage flux

Secondary leakage flux

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 2.4. TRANSFORMER REACTANCES
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
2.4.2. The single-phase equivalent circuit
of a real transformer :

• Xl1, Xl2 = leakage inductances

• R1, R2 = winding resistances
• Rc = core loss component
• Xm = magnetizing inductance
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 2.4. TRANSFORMER REACTANCES
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
 Equivalent transformer circuit referring to the
primary (T-circuit) :

V '2  a.V2
I2
I '2 
a
R '2  a 2 . R2
X '2  a 2 . X 2

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 2.4. TRANSFORMER REACTANCES
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
 Approximate equivalent circuits of a transformer

Req  R1  R'2  R1  a 2 R2
X eq  X 1  X '2  X 1  a 2 X 2

 When excitation branch

is neglect I  0
(consider in loaded
condition)  simple
circuit
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 2.4. TRANSFORMER REACTANCES
AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
Example:
A single-phase transformer 25KVA; 440/220-V, has the
following parameters:
R1 = 0,16 ; R2 = 0,04 ; Rc = 270 
X1 = 0,32 ; X2 = 0,08 ; Xm = 100 
Transformer delivers 20 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging to a
load on the low-voltage side with 220V across the load. Use
the equivalent T-circuit to find the primary terminal voltage.

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.1. No-load test (opened-circuit test)
 Secondary (normally the HV winding) is
opened-circuited
 Primary (normally the LV winding) is connected
to a full rate line voltage.
 To obtain the components are connected in
parallel : The magnetizing reactance (Xm) and
core loss resistance (RC)

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.1. No-load test (opened-circuit test)
Ioc Poc X1 R1 X2 R2
A W
Ioc
V X R
Voc m c

Poc
 Poc   > 0
A W 0  cos 
1
 0

Ioc  Voc I oc 
V Xm Rc Qoc  Voc I oc sin  0
Voc
Voc2 Voc2
Equivalent circuit of no-load test Rc  Xm 
Poc Qoc
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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.2. Short-circuit test
 The secondary terminals (normally the LV
winding) are short circuited, and the primary
terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage
source.
 The input voltage is adjusted until the current
in the short circuited windings is equal to its
rated value
 The input voltage, current and power are
measured.

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.2. Short-circuit test
Psc R1 X1 R2 X2
A W
Isc
Vsc V
Psc
Req  2
Psc R1 X1 a2R2 a2 X 2 I sc
A W
Isc Vsc
Vsc V Z eq 
I sc

Equivalent circuit of short-circuit test X eq  Z eq2  Req2

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
Example:
A 200/400V, 50Hz 1-phase transformer from the following
test data:
- O/C test : 200V, 0.7A, 70W - on L.V. side
- S/C test : 15V, 10A, 85W - on H.V. side
Find the impedance of the approximate equivalent
circuit referred to the primary side 200V

(Rc =571.4 , Xm=330 , Req=0.21, Xeq=0.31 )

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.3. Voltage Regulation
 The voltage regulation is defined as the change in
magnitude of the secondary voltage as the load
current changes from the no-load to the loaded
condition
 The voltage regulation is expressed as follows:
V2 NL  V2 L
VR% 
V2 NL
V2NL : Secondary voltage (No-load condition)
V2L : Secondary voltage (Load condition)
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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.3. Voltage Regulation
 For the equivalent circuit referred to the primary:

V1  V '2
VR% 
V1

V1 : Primary voltage (No-load condition)

V’2 : Secondary voltage refer to primary
(Load condition)

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.3. Voltage Regulation
 Consider the simple equivalent circuit:

& & &

V1  V2  I 2 (R e q  jX eq )
' /

V&
1  V2
'
0  I 2    2 (R e q  jX eq )
'

&  I2 
V1  (a.V2 )0       2 (R e q  jX eq )
a
V1  V '2 Caution:
So: VR%  cos2 lagging (lagging PF)  2 > 0
V1 cos2 leading (leading PF )  2 < 0
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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.3. Voltage Regulation
 Phasor diagram:
V1

V’2 I’2Xeq V1
I’2Xeq
2 I’2
I’2Req 2
I’2 PF Lagging V’2
I’2Req
PF Leading
V1
I’2Xeq
2=0 V’2
I’2 I’2Req
Unity PF
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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.3. Voltage Regulation
 Output characteristic: V2=f(I2)
V2

PF leading  VR% < 0

V2NL
PF unity  VR% > 0
PF lagging  VR% > 0

I2
0 I2

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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.4. Transformer Efficiency
 As always, efficiency is defined as:
Pout Pout
 .100%  .100%
Pin Pout  Ploss
 Losses in a transformer: Ploss = PCu + Pc
 Copper losses in primary and secondary windings:
PPCuCu == II1122.R
.R11 ++ II222.R
2
.R22 ==II112.R
2
.Reqeq ==II22’’2.R
2
.Reqeq == (I(I22 //a)
a)2.R
2
.Reqeq

 Core losses due to hysteresis and eddy current:

PPc == PPoc == const
const
c oc
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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
2.5.4. Transformer Efficiency
Thus: V2 . I 2 . cos  2
 2
.100%
 I2 
V2 . I 2 . cos  2  Pc    .Req
a 
Or:
S2 . cos  2
 2
.100%
 I2 
S2 . cos  2  Pc    .Req
a 
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 2.5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
TRANSFORMER ANALYSIS
Example
A 15kVA, 2300/230 V transformer is to be tested to determine its
excitation branch components, its series impedances, and its voltage
regulation. The following data have been taken from the primary
side of the transformer:
Open circuit test Short-circuit test
VOC= 2300V VSC= 47V
IOC= 0.21A ISC= 6A
POC= 50W PSC= 160W
a/ Find the equivalent circuit referred to the high voltage side
b/ Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low voltage side
c/ Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at : 0.8 lagging PF; 1.0
PF, and at 0.8 leading PF.
d/ Find the efficiency at full load with PF 0.8 lagging.
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 2.6. AUTOTRANSFORMERS;
MULTIWlNDING TRANSFORMERS
2.6.1. Autotransformer
 It is a transformer whose primary and secondary
coils are in a single winding

Two winding transformer Connection as An adjustable

an autotransformer autotransformer
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 2.6. AUTOTRANSFORMERS;
MULTIWlNDING TRANSFORMERS
2.6.1. Autotransformer
 Same operation as two windings transformer
 Physical connection from primary to secondary
 Step-down autotransformer :

V1 N1  N 2

V2 N2
I1 N2

I 2 N1  N 2

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 2.6. AUTOTRANSFORMERS;
MULTIWlNDING TRANSFORMERS
2.6.1. Autotransformer
 Step-up autotransformer :

V1 N1

V2 N1  N 2

I1 N1  N 2

I2 N2

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 2.6. AUTOTRANSFORMERS;
MULTIWlNDING TRANSFORMERS
2.6.1. Autotransformer
 Advantages:
 A tap between primary and secondary sides which may
be adjustable to provide step-up/down capability.
 Able to transfer larger S apparent power than the two
winding transformer
 Smaller and lighter than an equivalent two-winding
transformer
 Disadvantage:
 Lacks electrical isolation

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 2.6. AUTOTRANSFORMERS;
MULTIWlNDING TRANSFORMERS
2.6.2. Multiwinding transformer
 Transformer has three or more windings.
 Are often used to interconnect three or more
circuits which may have different voltages.
Transformers having a primary and multiple
secondaries are frequently found in multiple-output
dc power supplies for electronic applications.
 A multiwinding transformer costs less and is more
efficient than an equivalent number of two-winding
transformers.

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 2.6. AUTOTRANSFORMERS;
MULTIWlNDING TRANSFORMERS
2.6.2. Multiwinding transformer

A multiwiding transformer

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 2.7. THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
2.7.1. Constructions and connections
 Constructions:
 The interconnection of three 1-phase transformers (a)
 Using an iron core with three limbs (b)
A a B b C c
A B C

x y z
a b c
X Y Z
(a) (b)

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 2.7. THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
2.7.1. Constructions and connections
 Connections:
N1 V1 I 2
a  
N 2 V2 I1

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 2.7. THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
2.7.1. Constructions and connections
 Connections:
N1 V1 I 2
a  
N 2 V2 I1

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 2.7. THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
2.7.1. Constructions and connections
 Vector-group connections:

Y/Y-12 Y/-11

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 2.7. THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
2.7.2. Transformers in parallel
Why do the transformers
connect in parallel ?

- To increase the reliable and

economical operation.
- Easier for transport and
installation.
Paralleling Three-Phase Transformers

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 2.7. THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER
2.7.2. Transformers in parallel
 Conditions for Parallel Operation :
 Same voltage and Turns Ratio (both primary and
secondary voltage rating is same)
 Same vector-group connections
 Same percentage impedance and X/R ratio or Vsc%

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 2.8. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
2.8.1. Current transformer (CT)
 Reduce power
system current to
lower value for
measurement.
 Isolate secondary
circuits from the
primary.
 The secondary
working is in short- Safety Precaution:
circuit condition. The CT secondary must not be
kept opened
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 2.8. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
2.8.2. Voltage transformer or Potential
transformer (VT or PT) u 1

 Step-down transformer
 Reduce power system A X
voltage to lower value for
a
measurement x
V
 Provides isolation from
u2
high voltages
 The secondary working is
in opened-circuit mode.

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 In this chapter, we have learnt:
 Types and construction of transformer
 The Ideal transformer
 The real single-phase transformer
• Exact equivalent circuit
• Approximate equivalent circuit
• Determining the value of equivalent parameters
• Voltage regulation and efficiency
 Three-phase transformer
 Instrument transformer

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENTS:
 Refer: [1]: 57-84; [2]: 153-178; [5]: 129-159
 Home exercises:
[1]: 2.4(p.105); 2.11(p.106); 2.15(p.106)
[5]: 6.2(p.154); 6.10(p.155); 6.29(p.158)

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