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Lecture 5 Simulation Diagrams

Simulation diagrams are used to represent dynamic systems using basic elements like integrators, amplifiers, and summers. The document provides an example of drawing a simulation diagram from a state space representation of a physical system. It describes drawing integrator blocks, assigning state variables, connecting states and inputs through summing elements and scaling operators, and adding the output equation.

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Nduduzo Sthole
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377 views24 pages

Lecture 5 Simulation Diagrams

Simulation diagrams are used to represent dynamic systems using basic elements like integrators, amplifiers, and summers. The document provides an example of drawing a simulation diagram from a state space representation of a physical system. It describes drawing integrator blocks, assigning state variables, connecting states and inputs through summing elements and scaling operators, and adding the output equation.

Uploaded by

Nduduzo Sthole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simulation Diagrams

Simulation diagrams are used to represent the dynamic equations of a


system.

The basic elements used are:

• Ideal Integrators;
• Ideal Amplifiers;
• Ideal Summers.

Additional elements may be used for nonlinear systems.


Block Diagram Representation of Linear Systems Described by State Equations

A state block diagram represents a system that is given in the state space
form. Integrators are used to solve the multiple differential equations
(refer to A Primer to control systems page 40).
I will illustrate this process in an example:

The state space representation of a physical system is shown below.


Sketch the simulation diagram for this system.

 
𝑥 2 3 𝑥1 3
[ ][
˙1
𝑥
˙2
=
−1 −4 ][ ] [ ]
𝑥2
+
7
𝑢

 
𝑥1
𝑦= [ 3 5]
[ ]
𝑥2
 
Write the state and output equations from the state space representation as
follows:
.

.
Draw integrator blocks, and assign a state variable to the output of each
block.
At the input to each block (which represents the derivative of its state
variable) draw a summing element.
 
Let’s work through the 1st state equation . Starting with the right hand side
(3u) and then working towards the left. Use the state equations to connect the
state variables and inputs to the summing elements through scaling operator
blocks.
Now add the next term (.
 
 
Thereafter add the next term (
 
Similarly we work through the 2nd state equation:
 
Finally we add the output equation to the diagram.
We expand the output equations and sum the state variables and inputs
through a set of scaling operators to form the components of the output.
Additional question

The state space representation of a physical system is shown below. Sketch


the simulation diagram for this system.

  𝑥 4 2 𝑥1 4
[ ][˙1
𝑥
˙2
=
−3 −5 ][ ] [ ]
𝑥2
+
8
𝑢

  𝑥1
𝑦= [ 2 6]
[ ]
𝑥2
Transfer function to state
spaceof a system is shown below. Obtain the simulation diagram and
 The transfer function
hence find the state space representation of this system.

 
Solution:
Write as:

 
Now put:
 
 
Then:
 
and

 
Now assign the state variables to the integrator outputs starting from the
 

RHS.

 
Giving:
 

 
State space to transfer function
 

Refer to The Primer for control systems for derivation of the following
equation:

 
 
The state space model of a physical system is shown below. Find the transfer
function model from first principles.
 

 
The transfer function is given by:

But D = 0,
 

And
 
=
 
=
  The cofactor = Cofactor
Find the cofactor of each element

=
 

  Cofactor transpose the matrix by turning rows into columns.

 
=

 DET DET = ad-bc


 

Therefore =

 
 
 

 
References
1. Ogata, K. 2010, Modern control engineering, 5th, International edn, Pearson, Boston, Mass.

2. Van Vuuren, G.J. 2010, A primer for control systems, Rev. edn, Quad Technologies, Wandsbeck, South Africa.

3. Nise, N.S. 2008, Control systems engineering, 5th edn, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J.

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