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CSE 2001 Computer Architecture & Organization: Prof. Krishnamoorthy A School of Computer Science and Engineering

This document provides a history of the development of computers from ancient calculating tools like the abacus to modern integrated circuits. It discusses early pioneers like Babbage and his proposed Analytical Engine. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, is described along with its vacuum tube-based design. The development of stored program concepts by Turing and von Neumann is covered. The transition to transistor-based machines is outlined. The integration of transistors into circuits led to smaller, faster computers.

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41 views

CSE 2001 Computer Architecture & Organization: Prof. Krishnamoorthy A School of Computer Science and Engineering

This document provides a history of the development of computers from ancient calculating tools like the abacus to modern integrated circuits. It discusses early pioneers like Babbage and his proposed Analytical Engine. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, is described along with its vacuum tube-based design. The development of stored program concepts by Turing and von Neumann is covered. The transition to transistor-based machines is outlined. The integration of transistors into circuits led to smaller, faster computers.

Uploaded by

Win Revans
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 2001

Computer
Architecture &
Organization

Prof. Krishnamoorthy A
School of Computer Science and
Engineering
The beginning of computing – Abacus
(3000BC)
• calculating tool that was in use centuries
before the adoption of the written modern
numeral system
• still widely used by merchants, traders and
clerks in Asia, Africa
Babbage’s Differential Engine (1823)
• He was a mathematician,
philosopher, inventor and
mechanical engineer.
• He is best remembered now
for originating the concept
of a programmable
computer. Considered a
"father of the computer“
• Babbage is credited with
inventing the first
mechanical computer that
eventually led to more
complex designs.
ENIAC
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
•Designed by Mauchly and Eckert
•University of Pennsylvania
•First general-purpose electronic digital computer
•Response to WW2 need to calculate trajectory tables for weapons.
•Built 1943-1946 – too late for war effort.

ENIAC DetailsDecimal (not binary)


•20 accumulators of 10 digits
•Programmed manually by switches
•18,000 vacuum tubes
•30 tons
•15,000 square feet
•140 kW power consumption
•5,000 additions per second

• http://zuse-z1.zib.de/simulations/eniac/history.html
ENIAC (1943-46) Electronic Numeric
Integrator and Calculator
• To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange
the patch cords that you can observe on the left
in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000
switches that you can observe on the right
Alan Turing
(1912-1954)
•highly influential in the development of computer
science,
• providing a formalisation of the concepts of
"algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing
machine, which can be considered a model of a
general purpose computer.
• Turing is widely considered as the "Father of
Theoretical Computer Science and Artificial
Intelligence.
•The Pilot Model ACE was London's first electronic computer and the third stored-program computer to
function in Britain. With a clock speed of 1 MHz it remained for some time the fastest computer in the
world.
John Mauchly leaning on the
UNIVersal Automatic Computer

• UNIVAC is the name of a line of electronic digital


stored-program computers starting with the
products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation. main memory  tanks of liquid
mercury implementing delay line memory,
arranged in 1000 words of 12 alphanumeric
characters each.
• The first machine was delivered on 31 March
1951.
Dr. Von-Neuman
with IAS machine
•Stored Program Concept
•Main memory storing programs and data
•ALU operating on binary data
•Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
•Input and output equipment operated by control
unit
•Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS).
•Completed 1952
2nd Generation: Transistor Based
Computers
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
• Commercial Transistor based
computers:
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC – 1957 (PDP-1) First transistor computer – Manchester
University 1953.
3rd Generation: Integrated Circuits

• A single, self-contained transistor is


called a discrete component.
• Transistor based computers – discrete
components manufactured
separately, packaged in their own
containers, and soldered or wired
together onto circuit boards.
• Early 2nd generation computers
contained about 10,000 transistors –
but grew to hundreds of thousands!!!!
• Integrated circuits revolutionized
electronics.

Silicon Chip – Collection of tiny transistors


Generations of Computers
Intel processors
Computer Architecture

• Refers to those attributes of a system visible to a


programmer
or
• those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program
• Ex: Instruction set, number of bits used to represent
various I/O mechanisms, techniques for addressing
memory.
• Now, let us list some examples based on what we come
across in our daily life
• - buildings, books etc.
Computer Architecture

• Let us consider any instruction as an example


(Multiply)
• •Architectural design issue – whether a
computer will have a multiply instruction
• •Organizational issue – whether that
instruction will be implemented using multiply
instruction or repeated add unit of the system
References

• William Stallings “Computer Organization and


architecture”, Prentice Hall, 7th edition, 2006.

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