MIMO Antenna
-08BEC024 Jaydip Fadadu
-08BEC030 Kuldip Gor
Nirma University
Overview
Introduction
Motivation for design
Basics
Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
Applications
Conclusion
Introduction
MIMO
◦ Multiple Input Multiple Output
◦ Array of antennas at transmitter and receiver at
input
◦ Diversity Gain improves BER’
◦ Spatial Multiplexing improves data rates
Motivation of design
To achieve high data rate that still offer good
Quality of Service (QoS) ( i.e. improves BER)
But using
◦ Less complex system
◦ Minimum power transmission
◦ Minimum bandwidth
SISO system
User data stream
channel
User data stream
In SISO system to achieve high data rate more
signal power and more bandwidth is required.
A combination a smart modulation, coding and
multiplexing techniques have yielded good results
but not sufficient for 1GBPS…!!!
MIMO Antenna Configuration
Use multiple antenna at Tx and Rx
1 1
2 2
User data stream User data stream
. channel .
. . . .
. . . .
MT MR
Now that supports higher data rates but
How…!!!??? Let’s see…
Basics
Transmitter uses a weighting vector
u = [u1, u2] while receiver uses a weighting
vector v = [v1, v2]
Channel coefficient matrix H (??)
s(t) = transmitting signal, r(t) = received signal
r1(t) = (u1H v1) * s1(t) + (u2H v1) * s2(t)
r2(t) = (u1H v2) * s1(t) + (u2H v2) * s2(t)
We can decide value of u and v according to
our need.
Capacity for different MIMO systems
Two Gains
Diversity Gain
◦ Minimize BER
◦ Reliable QoS
Spatial Multiplexing Gain
Maximize transmission rate
Uses rich scattering/fading to your advantage
System designs are based on trying to
achieve either goal or a little of both
Diversity
Eachpair of transmit-receive antennas provides a signal
path from transmitter to receiver. By sending the SAME
information through different paths, multiple
independently-faded replicas of the data symbol can be
obtained at the receiver end. Hence, more reliable
reception is achieved
Themaximal diversity gain dmax is the total number of
independent signal paths that exist between the
transmitter and receiver
For an (MR,MT) system, the total number of signal paths is
MRMT
1 ≤ d ≤ dmax= MRMT
The higher my diversity gain, the lower my P e
Practical System
1
R bits/symbol 2
Channel Symbol
Space- .
coding mapping Time
Coding
.
MT
Spectral efficiency = (R*Rc info bits/symbol)(rs)(Rs symbols/sec)/w
= R*Rc*rs bits/s/Hz assuming Rs = w
rs is the parameter that we are concerned about: 0 ≤ rs ≤MT
• If rs = MT, we are in spatial multiplexing mode (max transmission
rate)
• If rs ≤ 1, we are in diversity mode
Comparison of different receivers
Scheme Spectral Pe Implementation
Efficiency Complexity
V-BLAST HIGH HIGH LOW
D-BLAST MODERATE MODERATE HIGH
ALAMOUTI LOW LOW LOW
OFDMA
the data is divided among large number of closely spaced carriers
ISI gets reduced
MIMO and OFDMA
Application
WLAN – WiFi 802.11n
Mesh Networks (e.g., MuniWireless)
WMAN – WiMAX 802.16e
4G
Digital Home
WiFi 802.11n
Target applications include: large files
backup, HD streams,online interactive
gaming, home entertainment, etc.
Channel bandwidth of 20 MHz and 40 MHz
Current product offerings (pre-N) use only 2
spatial streams with 3Tx/3Rx in the AP and
2Tx/3Rx in the mobile supporting up to 300
Mbps
Spatial diversity, spatial multiplexing
MESH NETWORK
•High capacity (MIMO) cross-links
•WiFi access
Ad-Hoc
Wi-MAX 802.16e
Non line of site, up to 4-6 mbps per user for a
few km
2.5 GHz (US) and 3.5 GHz licensed bands
Channel bandwidth from 1.25 to 20 MHz
QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation
OFDMA access (orthogonal uplink)
TDD for asymmetric traffic and flexible BW
allocation
Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS):spatial
diversity, spatial multiplexing using MIMO (2x2)
MIMO Vs SISO
Digital home
MIMO delivers whole home coverage with the
speed and reliability to stream multimedia
applications
MIMO can reliably connect cabled video devices,
computer networking devices, broadband
connections, phone lines, music, storage
devices, etc.
MIMO is interoperable and can leverage the
installed based of 802.11 wireless that is
already deployed: computers, handheld gaming
devices, cameras, VoIP Phones, etc.
