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Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics deals with energy transfer and the physical properties of substances. It can be studied from a microscopic view of individual molecules or a macroscopic view of overall collective behavior. A thermodynamic system is defined along with its surroundings and boundaries. Properties can be intensive, like temperature and pressure, or extensive, like mass and volume. The first law of thermodynamics relates heat, work, and changes in internal energy for a system. The second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to a hot body. The third law states that entropy approaches a minimum as temperature approaches absolute zero.

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167 views13 pages

Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics deals with energy transfer and the physical properties of substances. It can be studied from a microscopic view of individual molecules or a macroscopic view of overall collective behavior. A thermodynamic system is defined along with its surroundings and boundaries. Properties can be intensive, like temperature and pressure, or extensive, like mass and volume. The first law of thermodynamics relates heat, work, and changes in internal energy for a system. The second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to a hot body. The third law states that entropy approaches a minimum as temperature approaches absolute zero.

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Pradeep N B
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF

THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics is the science of energy


transfer and its effect on the physical
properties of substances. The alternate
definition is: thermodynamics is the science
that deals with work and heat and these
properties of substances that bear a relation
to heat and work. Like all sciences, the
basis of thermodynamics is experimental
observation.
Macroscopic and Microscopic point of view

In microscopic thermodynamics individual


molecule is considered and analysis of
collective molecular action.

In macroscopic thermodynamics, we concern


ourselves with the overall effect of the
individual molecular interaction.
Thermodynamic System, Surroundings
& System boundary
Open System
Closed System

Isolated System
The isolated system is one in which there is no interaction between the
system and surrounding.
Property
It is defined as any quantity that depends on the state of the system and is
independent of the path (i.e. the prior history) by which the system arrived at
the given state.
Intensive property: pressure, temperature, density etc.

Extensive Property : mass, total volume, total enthalpy, total energy etc.

State
Process & Path
WORK & HEAT
Sign Conventions for work

Sign Conventions for heat


ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Equality of temperature – Zeroth law of Thermodynamics.


FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First law of thermodynamics for a closed system undergoing a cyclic process

“When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cyclic process, then the net


heat supplied to the system from the surroundings is equal to the net
work done by the system on its surrounding”.

First law for a closed system undergoing a non-cyclic process (i.e., for a change of
state)
W

System

Q-W = ∆E where ∆E is the increase in the energy of the system


or Q = ∆E + W
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Kelvin – Planck statement
“It is impossible to construct an engine, which
while operating in a cycle produces no other
effect except to extract heat from a single
thermal reservoir and do equivalent amount
of work”.
Clausius Statement
“It is impossible for a self acting machine
working in a cyclic process without any
external agency, to transfer heat from a body
at a low temperature to a body at a higher
temperature”.
THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

The Third law of thermodynamics states that “as


the temperature of a system approaches
absolute zero, all processes cease and the
entropy of the system approaches a minimum
value”.

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