GLOBALIZATION AND

TRANSNATIONALISM
• the term is often
GLOBALIZATION is aused
transinterchangeably
planetary process or set of
PROCESSES involving increasing LIQUIDITY and the
TRANSNATIONALISM
growing or TRANSNATIONALITY
multidirectional FLOWS of people, objects,
is process
places limitedastowell
and information theas interconnections
the STRUCTURESof they
individuals
encounter and that
and create social groups
barrier across specific
or wall.//
geo-political borders (i.e two or more nation-
• In sports, for example, Basketball/Volleyball/Football
states were involve).>
is a global sports because it exists in virtually every area
SOLID
• Refers to barriers or obstacles that prevent or make
movement more difficult (limited mobility) of people,
things, information etc., to enter or exit.
• As a result, social relationships were restricted to those in the
nearby.
• Can either be NATURAL (like mountains, rivers or ocean
etc.) or MAN-MADE (like wall, gates, borders,
imaginary/demarcation line etc.).
• These creates limited access to people to assimilate. In the
LIQUID
• Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things,
information, and places in the contemporary world.
• Solid material realities (people, cargo etc.) continue to exist, but
because of wide range of technological developments (in
transportation, communication, the Internet and so on) they can
move across the globe far more readily.
• Everywhere we turn, more things including ourselves, are
becoming increasingly liquefied.
• As the process continues, those liquids tend to turn into gases of
various types.>>
FLOWS
• Refers to the movement of people, things,
information, and places due to the increasing
penetrability of global barriers.
• Because so much of the world has “melted” or in the
processing of “melting” and has become liquefied,
globalization is increasingly characterized by great
flows of increasingly liquid phenomena of all types,
including the people, information, decisions, places,
 Types of Flows in Globalization

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL

Not a one-way processes

 Types of Flows in Globalization

INTER-CONNECTED

Does not occur in isolation

 Types of Flows in Globalization

CONFLICTING
Globalization processes
not only can complement
one another, but often
conflict with one another.
Is the process in which
people, ideas and goods
spread throughout the
world, encouraging
more interaction and
integration between the
world’s cultures,
governments and
economies.>>
 WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
 One approach for comparing countries is based on the
concept of developed, developing, and undeveloped nations. 
The idea of core, periphery, and semiperiphery nations is a
central concept of world-systems theory.
 The idea that a world economic system exists in which
wealthy nations exploit poor ones to help generate their
wealth. 
American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein (b. 1930) first
developed world-systems theory in the 1970s. 
World-systems theory
defines three types of
countries and argues
that global inequality
results from structures
that permit core
countries to control and
exploit semiperiphery
and periphery nations.
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY

A core nation is a wealthy, industrialized nation that

controls and benefits from the global economy.
Core nations have complex infrastructures, strong governments,
cosmopolitan cities, and diverse economies. They control the
global market and use it to their advantage by exploiting
periphery nations for their cheap labor and natural resources.
They also have strong militaries and international partnerships.
Core countries include the United States, Canada, the United
Kingdom, much of Western and Northern Europe, Australia, and
Japan.
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY

A periphery nation is a low-income nation that

depends on and is exploited by wealthier nations.
Periphery nations have little global power. They have weak,
decentralized governments, poor infrastructure, and low
education levels.
Periphery nations often depend on a single industry or export
to support their economies and have large rural populations.
Periphery nations include much of sub-Saharan Africa,
Southeast Asia, and some nations in Central and South
America.
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY

A semiperiphery nation exhibits
characteristics of both core and periphery nations.
These nations are generally industrializing and
could be elevated to core nation status with
development. Semiperiphery nations include
China, India, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, and
Israel.
 DEPENDENCY THEORY
 explains global inequality as caused by
colonialism and neocolonialism, the dominance of
former colonial powers over low-income nations.
Global stratification is seen as a tool used by
high-income nations to maintain their advantaged
position at the expense of poorer nations.
Dependency theory emerged in the 1950s
Dependency theory
sees core,
semiperiphery, and
periphery countries as
part of an
interconnected world
economy
characterized by
mutual dependency
and exploitation of
DEPENDENCY THEORY

 In dependency theory, low-income

nations are viewed as victims of
exploitation. This exploitation is a result
and a continuation of colonialism.
In a colonialist system, a wealthy
nation attempts to gain control over a
poorer nation's resources and labor,
DEPENDENCY THEORY
 Neocolonialism uses economic and political
power, rather than direct military power, to force
a colonial relationship.
This colonial legacy has created a system in which
high-income nations depend on their ability to exploit
the cheap labor and natural resources of low-income
nations.
In colonialism was direct exploitation by
governments, in neocolonialism, governments are
DEPENDENCY THEORY
 According to dependency theorists, large multinational
corporations take advantage of low wages and few laws
protecting workers to manufacture goods cheaply.
They work with weak governments to ensure access to
cheap labor and natural resources, without investing in the
infrastructure of the country.
Governments of high-income nations are either allowing
this, or they actively participate by working with
governments of low-income nations to maintain the
situation.>>
 MODERN THEORY
 proposes that high-income nations became
wealthy by adopting the proper values,
technologies, and beliefs.
Low-income nations, on the other hand, are poor
because they failed to adopt the proper modern
values and behaviors.
Modern behaviors, according to this theory, include
embracing hard work, willingness to abandon old
MODERN THEORY
They view the adoption of new technology as a
key difference between high-income and low-
income countries.
They argue that the cultural values of some nations
produce a resistance to embracing new technology.
Societies that are very rooted in traditional values
around kinship and tribal systems are often not on
the leading edge of embracing technological
change, according to this perspective.
MODERN THEORY
Modernization theory is influenced by the work
of German sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920).
Weber believed that Western Europe rose to
economic prominence because of its embrace of
modern industrial values.
These values included hard work, discipline,
and frugality, what Weber termed "the
Protestant work ethic."
MODERN THEORY
In other words, Modernization theory holds that
low-income nations stay poor because they have
failed to adopt market-friendly behaviors, such as
industrialization, education, and savings, and market-
friendly beliefs such as individualism (belief in the
value of individual action, rather than collective action or
government regulation) and meritocracy (belief that
people occupy social positions based on their abilities and
achievements).
Approaches and attitudes toward technology are
 LIBERALISM
 from the Latin liber meaning "free", referred originally to
the philosophy of freedom.
Liberals believe that international institutions play a key
role in cooperation among states.
This school of thought emphasizes three factors that
encourage more cooperation and less conflict among
states:
1. International institutions
2. International trade
3. Spread of democracy
 POLITICAL REALISM
The theories of realism are differentiated
by the cooperative ideals of liberalism.
It is unified by the belief that world
politics is always and necessarily a field of
conflict among countries pursuing power.
POLITICAL REALISM

 Its theories revolve around four central

intentions:
1. states are the central actors in international
politics, rather than leaders or international
organizations;
2. the international political system is anarchic
or disorder, as there is no supranational authority
to enforce rules;
POLITICAL REALISM

 Realism is often associated with Realpolitik,

as both deal with the pursuit, possession, and
application of power.
 Realists believe that there are no universal
principles with which all states may guide their
actions. Instead, a state must always be aware of
the actions of the states around it and must use a
pragmatic approach to resolve problems as they
 MARXISM
• In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote
that the main source of instability in the international
system would be capitalist globalization, more specifically
the conflict between two classes: the bourgeoisie
(capitalist) and the proletariat (working-class or laborers)
For Marx human history has been a struggle to satisfy
material needs and to resist class domination and
exploitation.>>
 Class is a key partnership of power in globalization.
 CONSTRUCTIVISMS
 Globalization has also arisen because of the
way that people have mentally constructed
the social world with particular symbols,
language, images and interpretation.
 It is the result of particular forms and
dynamics of consciousness (i.e. in a processes
of social practice and interaction)
CONSTRUCTIVISMS
 Basic principles of Constructivism
(Alexander Wendt)
1) That the structures of human association are
determined primarily by shared ideas rather
than material forces, and
2) That the identities and interests of purposive
actors are constructed by these shared ideas
rather than given by nature.
 POSTMODERNISM
 Believed in the importance of power in shaping
knowledge to understand society (Michel Foucault)
This dominant structure of knowledge in modern
society is ‘rationalism’. It means balanced or
reasonable.
Modern rationalism produces a society overwhelmed
with economic growth, technological control,
bureaucratic organization, and disciplining desires.
POSTMODERNISM
 A key element to postmodernist theories is
a distrust of any account of human life
which claims to have direct access to truth.
 Postmodern approaches to International
Relations is that they place too much
emphasis on theoretical ideas and are
generally not concerned with the empirical
or practical evidence.
 FEMINISM
 It puts emphasis on social construction of
masculinity and femininity
Their main concern lies behind the status of women,
particularly their structural subordination to men.
Women have tended to be marginalized, silenced
and violated in global communication.
FEMINISM
 Theory involves looking at how international
politics affects and is affected by both men and
women and also at how the core concepts that are
employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war,
security, etc.) are themselves gendered.
In Cynthia Enloe's article “Gender is not enough: the need for
a feminist consciousness”, Enloe explains how International
Relations needs to include masculinity in the discussion on war,
while also giving attention to the issues surrounding women and
girls.>>
 TRANS-FORMATIONALISM
 Accord­ingly, the term ‘globalization’ reflects increased
interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural
matters across the world creating a “shared social space”.
 Given this interconnectedness, globalization may be
defined as “a process (or set of processes) which
embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of
social relations and transactions, expressed in trans­
continental or interregional flows and networks of activity,
interaction and power.”>>
TRANS-FORMATIONALISM
Skeptics, such as Hirst and Thompson (1996)
apparently argue that “globalization is a myth which
conceals the reality of an international economy
increasingly segmented into three major regional
blocs in which national governments remain very
powerful.”
Trans-formationalists such as Rosenau (1997) or Giddens (1990)
argue that globalization occurs as “states and societies across the
globe are experiencing a process of profound change as they try
to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world”.
 ECLECTICISM
is a conceptual approach that does not hold
strictly to a single paradigm or set of
assumptions, but instead draws upon
multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain
complementary insights into a subject, or
applies different theories in particular cases.
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•GLOBAL CITY
•GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY