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Inadequacy of Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics fails to adequately explain several physical phenomena involving atomic and subatomic systems such as blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and Compton scattering; physicists such as Planck, Einstein, Compton, and Bohr developed quantum theory which provides explanations for these failures through the introduction of energy quantization and the wave-particle duality of light and matter. The document outlines several experiments that demonstrate the limitations of classical mechanics and provides overviews of early contributions to quantum theory that helped establish it as a field.

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2K views20 pages

Inadequacy of Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics fails to adequately explain several physical phenomena involving atomic and subatomic systems such as blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and Compton scattering; physicists such as Planck, Einstein, Compton, and Bohr developed quantum theory which provides explanations for these failures through the introduction of energy quantization and the wave-particle duality of light and matter. The document outlines several experiments that demonstrate the limitations of classical mechanics and provides overviews of early contributions to quantum theory that helped establish it as a field.

Uploaded by

Kush Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INADEQUACY OF

CLASSICAL
MECHANICS
By Jhilam Sahu
M.Sc. Physics[Sem 2]
INDEX
◈ Failures of Classical Mechanics
◈ Blackbody Radiation
◈ Photoelectric effect
◈ Compton Effect
◈ Wave-Particle Duality
◈ Bohr’s Hydrogen Spectrum
2
INTRODUCTION
◈ Laws of Classical ◈ Fails in systems that travel
Mechanics: Law of Inertia, very fast, or we journey
Law of Motion, Action & into very strong gravity, or
Reaction Law we consider cosmic
◈ Successfully explained expanses of space.
motion of celestial bodies ◈ Fails when we consider
and other particles moving very small systems
with non-relativistic
velocity.
3
Failures of Classical Mechanics
◈ Blackbody Radiation
◈ Photoelectric Effect
◈ Compton Effect
◈ Bohr’s Hydrogen Spectrum
◈ Specific heat of solid at low temperature
◈ Raman Effect
◈ Quantum Tunneling
4
BLACKBODY RADIATION
◈ Blackbody Radiation : Radiation emitted by a perfectly black
body
◈ Experimental Facts:
i. Depends only on temperature of object
ii. Temperature , more blackbody energy, peak wavelength
become shorter
iii. Low wavelength, small spectrum

5
Blackbody Spectrum
6
 Classical Mechanics couldn’t explain shape of blackbody spectrum.
 Classical Explanation : Each frequency of vibration should have the same
energy.

Max Planck(1900)
• Proposed concept of energy packets ‘Quanta’
• Planck’s Formula:
Energy of a quantum =
(a calibration constant) × (frequency of vibration)
E = hf
h =6 x 10-34
Energy of vibrating electron = (any integer)× hf

7
PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
◈ Discovered by Heinrich Hertz in
1887
◈ Emitted electrons are called
photoelectrons.
◈ Photoelectric effect is used to
produce the electric current that
runs many solar-powered
devices.

8
1. Higher the intensity of emitted wave,
higher the velocity of emitted
electron.
2. When using very dim light, there will
be a time delay for election of
electron.

Classical Electromagnetic
Theory 9
1. Light of all
frequency don’t
emit electrons.
Experimental 2. No difference
how dim the light
Result is, there is never
a time lag.

10
Albert Einstein in 1905

Each quantum of light possesses


the energy hf.

 Dimmer light means fewer photons,


but energy of emitted photon is same.

 If a single photon has enough energy to


eject an electron from a metallic
surface, then electrons will always be
ejected immediately after the light is
turned on and the photons hit the
metal.
11
COMPTON EFFECT
Discovered by Arthur Holly Compton in 1923

When radiation falls on a substance it get scattered


I. Wavelength of scattered radiation = Wavelength of incident radiations: Thomson
Radiation
II. Some scattered radiations change in direction as well as wavelength

Incident Radiation Change in wavelength Phenomenon


dependence
Visible or UV Part Scatterer (not on angle Raman Scattering
of scattering)
X-rays part Angle of scattering Compton Scattering
12
Electromagnetic
Radiation scattered
by charged particles
cannot explain any
type of shift in
wavelength or
frequency.

Classical Wave Theory

Quantum Theory
13
Conclusions from Compton Scattering
◈ Compton Effect shows the particle nature of
light.
◈ Confirms the law of conservation of energy
which was verified by Photoelectric Effect.
◈ Explained the law of conservation of Linear
Momentum.
14
WAVE PARTICLE
DUALITY

Wave Wave
Corpuscular Theory Theory of Particle
of Light Light Duality
(by Issac Newton) (by Christian (Louis de
Huygen) Broglie)

15
BOHR’S HYDROGEN
SPECTRUM

Classical Model of
Atom
Atoms shouldn’t live longer
than 10-12 seconds.

16
Bohr’s Model

Electrons have more


energy when there are
in larger orbits.

17
“
Those who are not shocked when they
first come across quantum theory
cannot possibly have understood it.
― Niels Bohr

18
CREDITS
Special thanks to:
◈ Amit Tamrakar Sir[HoD]
Resources:
◈ physicsinmyview.com
◈ L.I. Schiff: quantum mechanics (McGraw-Hill).
◈ https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/qua
ntum_theory_origins/
◈ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival 19
THANK
S!
Any questions?

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