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Math 226 Differential Equation: Edgar B. Manubag, Ce, PHD

This document discusses applications of differential equations, including: 1. Finding equations of trajectories and populations over time. 2. Examples of finding orthogonal and isogonal trajectories for families of curves. 3. Applications involving exponentially varying quantities like population growth and radioactive decay.

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95 views18 pages

Math 226 Differential Equation: Edgar B. Manubag, Ce, PHD

This document discusses applications of differential equations, including: 1. Finding equations of trajectories and populations over time. 2. Examples of finding orthogonal and isogonal trajectories for families of curves. 3. Applications involving exponentially varying quantities like population growth and radioactive decay.

Uploaded by

Josh T CONLU
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 226

Differential Equation

Edgar B. Manubag, CE, PhD


Chapter 2

APPLICATIONS
Objectives:

To apply the concepts of Differential Equations in:

• finding the equations of trajectories.


• estimating the population for a given period of time.
• computing the time needed for the population to increase.
Isogonal Trajectories and Orthogonal
Trajectories

If G represents a given one-parameter family of curves in a


plane region R, and T a required one-parameter system
that at every point (x,y) in R a curve of T intersects a curve
of G at constant angle α, then curves T are called isogonal
trajectories of G in R. If α=900 curves T are called
orthogonal trajectories of G in R.
Equation of Isogonal Trajectories

• tan α = (dy/dx)t – (dy/dx)g


1+ (dy/dx)g (dy/dx)t
Note: slope = m = dy
dx
Equation of Orthogonal Trajectories

• If α =900 , mt = -_1_
mg
Example 1. Find the orthogonal trajectories
of y2=cx3. Also find the equation of the
particular trajectory through (2,4)
Example 1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of y2=cx3. Also
find the equation of the particular trajectory through (2,4)

y2=cx3 Eq. 1
Get the derivative of the family of curve Eq. 3 in Eq 2.

2y dy = 3cx2 dy = 3cx2 Eq. 2


dx g dx g 2y
= 3 y2x2
dy = 3cx2 Eq. 2 2 x3y
dx g 2y dy = 3 y
dx g 2 x
From Equation 1
y2=cx3 dy = -1
dx t (dy/dx)g
c=y2/x3 Eq. 3
dy = -1 y2 + 2 x 2 = c
dx t (dy/dx)g 2 3( 2)

y2 + x 2 = c
dy = -1
2 3
dx t 3/2 (y/x) Multiply both sides by 6
dy = -2 x
dx t 3 y Equation of 3y2 + 2x 2 = c
orthogonal trajectories
But x=2, y=4
b) For equation of Particular
trajectory at (2,4) 3(4)2 + 2(2) 2 = c
48 + 8 = c
56 = c
dy = -2 x
dx 3 y Therefore;
ydy= - 2/3 xdx
ydy + 2/3 xdx = 0 3y2 + 2x 2 = c
Integrating: 3y2 + 2x 2 = 56
y2 + 2 x 2 = c Equation of Particular Trajectory at (2,4)
2 3( 2)
Example 1. Find the isogonal trajectories intersecting at
45o the hyperbolas y(x+c)=1
y(x+c)=1 Eq. 1
Get the derivative of the family of curve Eq. 3 in Eq 2.

Y(1)+(x+c) dy = 0 dy = -y_ Eq. 2


dx g dx g x+c
= -y_
(x+c) dy = -y x + (1/y – x)
dx g dy = -y_
dx g 1/y
dy = -y
dx g (x+c) Eq. 2 dy = -y2
dx g
From Equation 1
y(x+c)=1
x+c=1/y
c = 1/y - x Eq. 3
dx + (1 + 2/y2 - 1) dy = 0
dx + dy + 2 dy/(y2 - 1) = 0
tan α= (dy/dx)t – (dy/dx)g
1+ (dy/dx)g (dy/dx)t For : _1__ = A + B
y2 - 1 (y+ 1) (y-1)
tan 45= (dy/dx)t – (-y2) _1__ = A + B y2 - 1
1+ (dy/dx)t(-y2) y2 - 1 (y+ 1) (y-1)
1 = dy/dx + y2
1 -y2dy/dx 1 = (y-1) A + B (y+1)
1 -y2dy/dx = dy/dx + y2 Solve constants A and B:
Using Coefficients:
1 -y2dy/dx - dy/dx - y2= 0
A= -1/2 B=1/2
1 -y2 - y2dy/dx- dy/dx =0
1 -y2 - dy/dx (y2 + 1) =0 For : _1__ = A + B
1 -y2 =
dy (y2 + 1) y2 - 1 (y+ 1) (y-1)
dx _1__ = -1/2 + ½
dx = (y2 + 1) dy y2 - 1 (y+ 1) (y-1)
1 -y2 Integrating:
dx - (y2 + 1) dy = 0 =-1/2 ln(y+1) + ½ln(y-1)
1 -y2
dx + dy + 2 dy/(y2 - 1) = 0
dx + (y2 + 1) dy = 0
x + y + 2 [-1/2 ln(y+1) + ½ln(y-1)] = c
y2 - 1 x + y - ln(y+1) + ln(y-1)] = c
2
Find the equations of orthogonal trajectories
of:
1. The hyperbolas y2 = x2 + c
2. The parabolas x2 = 2cy
3. The cubics x3 = 4cy3
Find the equations of isogonal trajectories
cutting at tan-1 4 the family of curves defined
by:

5. 4y = 3x + c
6. y2 = x + c ; y≠0; y≠-1/4
7. (x+c)y = 1; y≠2; y≠-2.
Find the isogonal trajectories at the indicated
angle α for each family of curves:

10. y = ce3x; α = 90 0

11. (x+c)y2 = 1; α=tan-1 4


Applications:
Quantities Varying Exponentially
In 1988, the population of the Philippines
was 70 million. Today, 2014, the population
is 90 million. Assuming the population
increases at a constant rate proportional to
the existing population,
a) estimate the population in the year
2050.
b) In how many years will the population
double?
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. If 100mg set
aside now there will be left 96 mg in 100 years, hence: centuries
a. Find how much will be left t centuries from the time when the radium was set
aside.
b. How much will be left after 2.58.
c. The time for half-life of radium ( the time ½ of sample to decay)
End

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