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Outlines of The Lecture:: Claims Propositions Arguments Components of Argument Basic Characteristics

This document outlines the key concepts from Lecture 02 including: 1) Claims are statements that can be true or false, while propositions are assertions that bear truth values. 2) Arguments are structured sets of claims with a conclusion supported by premises, not just any set of statements. 3) The standard form of an argument clearly shows the premises, conclusion, and logical connection between them. However, arguments in natural language may not always take a standard form.

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AIVINOR AMS Business and Management (BGR)
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52 views

Outlines of The Lecture:: Claims Propositions Arguments Components of Argument Basic Characteristics

This document outlines the key concepts from Lecture 02 including: 1) Claims are statements that can be true or false, while propositions are assertions that bear truth values. 2) Arguments are structured sets of claims with a conclusion supported by premises, not just any set of statements. 3) The standard form of an argument clearly shows the premises, conclusion, and logical connection between them. However, arguments in natural language may not always take a standard form.

Uploaded by

AIVINOR AMS Business and Management (BGR)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture:02

Outlines of the Lecture:


 Claims
 Propositions
 Arguments
 Components of Argument
 Basic Characteristics
Claims (Statements)
• A statement that says somethings that is either true or false.
• Or (a) a meaningful declarative sentence that is true or false, or. (b) the
assertion that is made by a true or false declarative sentence.

• Example:
India is in Asia
Jaipur is in Japan
 Declarative Statements.

 Non-claims: statements about which cannot meaningfully be considered as true


or false.
 Example:
Be quite! (commands)
What is your name? (question/interrogative).
The monster is attacking! (Exclamatory).
Cont..
• Proposition: A statement; what is typically
asserted using a declarative sentence, and
hence always either true or false—although its
truth or falsity may be unknown.

• Traditionally, they are thoughts which are true


or false , but they are different from
statements. They are the bearers of truth-value
(present synonyms with statements).
Types of Claims
• Types of Claims:
a) Unsupported X
b) Supported (by reason)
 For our purpose, an arguments is NOT: a
dispute, verbal fight, squabble (that is not).
 For our purpose argument is:
A set of claims (statements) that represents or
records a reasoning process.
 But, it is NOT just any set of claims but a
structured set of claims.
Arguments
– A structured set of claims with a principal claim that is at issue, and other claims that are
offered as supporting reason for principal claim.

– Any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from the others, which are
regarded as providing support or grounds for the truth of that one.

– Conclusion: the principal claim in an argument that is argued for.

– Premises: a claim that is offered as the supporting evidence for the conclusion in an
argument. Or in an argument, the propositions upon which inference is based; the
propositions that are claimed to provide grounds or reasons for the conclusion.

– Example: we are for in a wet winter. Because , the Scripps institute of Oceanography say so.

– Conclusion: We are for in a wet winter


– Premise: The Scripps institute of Oceanography say so. :
Cont..

 Standard form of an argument:


Premise 1
Premise 2
.’. Conclusion
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore (.’.), Socrates is mortal
Alternative form:
{P1,P2….}Conclusion
In Standard Forms of Arguments :
1-Premise 1 Conclusion types:

The Scripps institute of Oceanography say so;


..’ We are for in a wet winter
Cont..
2. Multiple Premise/Conclusion Types:
All physical objects have mass
This table is a physical object

This table (too) has mass

3. Complex Types Arguments.


4. Often non-standard forms arguments

Example: Although by definition the unconscious patient cannot tell you


whether he perceives pain, available data suggests that he may; therefore you
cannot know that he doesn't.
(Can People Who A Unconscious Perceive Pain?)

Note: The standard form of an argument is a way of presenting the argument which
makes clear which propositions are premises, how many premises there are and which
proposition is the conclusion. In standard form, the conclusion of the argument is listed
last.
Cont..
• In Standard Form, the argument is:
P1. By definition the unconscious patient cannot tell you whether
he perceive pain
P2. But available data suggests that he may

.’. Conclusion: You cannot know that he doesn’t.

NOTE: Basic Characteristics of Arguments:


1. Arguments are not claims (rather a set of claims)
2. Every set of claims is not an argument.(Need Structure).
3. No fixed number on how many premises
4. Format of argument may not always be in standard form
Basic Characteristics of Arguments:

NOTE: Basic Characteristics of Arguments:


1. Arguments are not claims (rather a set of
claims)
2. Every set of claims is not an argument.(Need
Structure).
3. No fixed number on how many premises
4. Format of argument may not always be in
standard form

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