CCNA Security

Chapter Nine
Managing a Secure Network

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 1

Lesson Planning

• This lesson should take 3-4 hours to present

• The lesson should include lecture,
demonstrations, discussions and assessments
• The lesson can be taught in person or using
remote instruction

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 2

Major Concepts
• Describe the principles of secure network design.
• Describe the Cisco Self Defending Network.
• Describe the role of operations security in a network.
• Describe the various techniques and tools to use for network
security testing.
• Describe the principles of business continuity planning and
disaster recovery.
• Describe the SDLC and how to use it to design a Secure
Network Life Cycle management process.
• Describe the functions, goals, role, and structure of a
comprehensive security policy.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 3

Lesson Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson, the successful participant will be

able to:
1.Describe the high-level considerations for ensuring that a network is
secure.
2.Describe how to identify threats, risks, and consequences of exploited
services.
3.Describe the benefits of risk management and the measures to take to
optimize risk management.
4.Describe the CSDN and describe the phases, benefits, and collaborative
systems of a CSDN.
5.Describe the Cisco Threat Control Solution and the Cisco Secure
Communications Solution.
6.Describe the positioning of the Cisco Integrated Security Portfolio.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 4

Lesson Objectives

7. Describe the overarching concepts of operations security.

8. Describe the core principles of operations security.
9. Describe the role of and the techniques used in network security
testing.
10. Describe the tools used in network security testing
11. Describe business continuity planning and disaster recovery
12. Describe the degrees of disruption to business operations and the
types of backup.
13. Describe the SDLC.
14. Describe the 5 phases of the SDLC
15. Describe the goals of a security policy.

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Lesson Objectives

16. Describe the structure of a security policy.

17. Describe the standards, guidelines, and procedures of a security
policy.
18. Describe the roles and responsibilities entailed within a security
policy.
19. Describe the concepts of security awareness and how to achieve
security awareness through education and training.
20. Describe in brief major laws and ethical guidelines for network
security.
21. Describe how to respond to a security breach.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 6

Developing Security Policies

• Business needs: What does the organization want to do with the network?
What are the needs of the organization?
• Threat identification: What threats are most likely to occur, given the
organization’s purpose and systems?
• Risk analysis: What is the cost versus benefit analysis of mitigating,
transferring and accepting various security risk?
• Security needs: What are the policies, procedures, standards, and
guidelines needed to address business needs and risks?
• Industry-recommended practices: What are the security practices that
similar organizes currently employ?
• Security operations: What are the current procedures for system
hardening, incident response, monitoring, maintenance, and auditing of the
system for compliance?

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 7

Risk Management Guidelines

• Expect that any aspect of a security system might fail.

• Identify any elements that fail-open. Fail-open occurs when a failure
results in a complete bypass of the security function.
• Try to identify all attack possibilities.
• Evaluate the probability of exploitation. The focus should be on the
resources that are needed to create an attack.
• Assume that people will make mistakes.
• Attackers will not use common and well-established techniques to
compromise a system.
• Check all assumptions with other people. They might have a fresh
perspective on potential threats and their probability.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 8

Threat Identification – Bank Scenario
Identified Threats

Insider attack on the system

Internal system compromise

Data Center Destruction

Stolen customer data

Phony transactions Data Input errors

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Risk Analysis

• Evaluate each threat to determine its severity

and probability
• Quantitative Risk Analysis uses a mathematical
model
• Qualitative Risk Analysis uses a scenario-based
model Qualitative Risk Analysis

This is a test – it is only a test of the

material that we actually want..
Quantitative Risk Analysis

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 10

Quantitative Risk Analysis

• Asset Value (AV) is the cost of an individual

asset.
• Exposure Factor (EF) is the loss, represented as
a percentage, that a realized threat could have
on an asset.
• Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) is the result of AV
* EF, or the cost of a single instance of a threat.

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Annualized Rate of Occurrence

• Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO) -

estimated frequency that a threat is expected to
occur.
• Single Loss Expectancy (SLE)
• Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE) - expected
financial loss that an individual threat will cause
an organization.

ALE = SLE *ARO

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Ways to Handle Risk

• Risk management—Uses the deployment of protection

mechanisms to reduce risks to acceptable levels. Risk
management is the most basic and the most difficult
aspect of building secure systems, because it requires
good knowledge of risks, risk environments, and
mitigation methods.
• Risk avoidance—Eliminates risk
by avoiding the threats altogether,
which is usually not an option in
the commercial world, where
controlled (managed) risk enables profits.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 13

Risk Management Scenario

• Internal system compromise—Provide the least amount of privilege

access possible to the inside, and utilize a secure multi-tiered
application which minimizes inside access.
• Stolen customer data—Keep all of the customer data on inside
servers, and only transfer data to the outside on demand.
• Phony transactions if external server is broken into—Allow only
man-in-the-middle attacks on the external server and design the
external server application so that is does not to allow arbitrary
transactions to be called for any customer account.
• Phony transactions if customer PIN or smart card is stolen—Use
a quick refresh of revocation lists and have a contract with the user
which forces the user to assume responsibility for stolen token cards.

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Risk Management Scenario

• Insider attack on the system—Strictly limit inside access to the

application and provide strict auditing of all accesses from the inside.
• Data input error—enhance the security of database applications
and provide redundant checking system in order to reduce data
entry errors
• Data Center destruction—Ensure backups are kept off campus
and that additional equipment is on-hand. Enhance defenses
against flooding by raising equipment and other precautions.

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Risk Avoidance Scenario

Using the risk avoidance approach, a company would

decide not to offer e-banking service at all because it
would be deemed too risky.

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Introduction to Cisco
Self-Defending Network

• Least Privilege Concept

• Cisco Self-Defending Network Principles
• Cisco Self-Defending Network Defined
• Collaborative Systems Enabling Unparalleled
Security

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 17

 Least Privilege Concept
Web Server

Permit HTTP Only Permit HTTP Only

Deny
All

Internet Inside

• Inside and outside users only need access to the web

server program on the exposed host.
– The web server does not need to open any connections to the
inside or outside.
– The firewall enforces those minimal permissions.

Cisco Networking Academy Storyboard Template © 2009, Cisco Systems, Inc.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 18
Cisco Self-Defending Network
Principles

Integrated Collaborative Adaptive

Enabling every Collaboration among the Proactive security
element to be a point services and devices technologies that
of defense and policy throughout automatically prevent
enforcement the network to thwart threats
attacks

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 19

Cisco Self-Defending Network Defined

Efficient security
management, control, and Operational Control
response and Policy Management

Advanced technologies
and security services that:
 Mitigate the effects of Threat Control and Secure
outbreaks Containment Communications
 Protect critical assets
 Ensure privacy

Security as an Secure Network Platform

integral, fundamental
network feature
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Collaborative Systems Enabling
Unparalleled Security

• 360º visibility and protection:

– Delivering comprehensive Policy Threat
Management Management
and proactive network
defense Cisco Security Cisco Security
Manager MARS
• Simplified control:
– Streamlining policy and
threat management across Cisco NAC Appliance Cisco IPS Sensor Software,
Cisco IOS Software, and
and Cisco Security
the network Agent
Cisco ASA Adaptive Security
Appliances
• Business resiliency:
Endpoint Network
– Ensuring the enterprise Security Infrastructure
operations

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Cisco Threat Control Solutions

• Threat control for endpoints: This element defends against threats

most commonly introduced by Internet use, such as viruses,
spyware, and other malicious content.
• Threat control for infrastructure: This element safeguards the
server and application infrastructure against attacks and intrusions. It
also defends against internal and external attempts to penetrate or
attack servers and information resources through application and
operating system vulnerabilities.
• Threat control for e-mail: This element protects business
productivity, resource availability, and confidential information by
stopping e-mail initiated threats.

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Secure Communications

Benefits to implementing a secure communication structure:

• Improve business productivity and efficiency
• Enable new business applications
• Help comply with information privacy regulations

Secure Communications for Remote Access

Provides highly secure, customizable access to corporate
networks and applications by establishing an encrypted
tunnel across the Internet
Secure Communications for Site-to-Site Access
Provides an Internet-based WAN infrastructure for connecting
branch offices, home offices, or the sites of business partners
to all or portions of a network

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 23

Operational Control and
Policy Management

The Cisco Security Management Suite

provides a number of benefits:
• Increases speed and accuracy of
policy deployment
• Improves visibility to monitor end-to-
end security
• Provides more rapid response to
threats
• Enforces corporate policy compliance
• Enhances proper workflow
management

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Cisco Security Manager

• Responds faster to threats by

allowing an administrator to
define and assign new security
policies
• Provide flexible methods to
manage devices and policies
• Contains extensive animated help
for the new user • It integrates with Cisco Security
MARS to correlate events with the
• Allows an administrator to associated firewall rules
centrally specify which policies
are shared and inherited • It provides the ability to assign
specific tasks to each
• It integrates with Cisco Secure administrator during the
ACS deployment of a policy

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Cisco Security MARS

• Greatly reduces false

positives
• Defines the most effective
mitigation responses
• Promotes awareness of
environmental anomalies
• Provides quick and easy • Makes precise
access to audit recommendations for
compliance reports threat removal,

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Secure Network Platform
Security Services Integrated into the Network

Advanced Technologies and Services

Automated Threat Virtualized Behavioral-Based
Integrate Response Security Services Protection
Advanced Endpoint Posture Dynamic DDoS Endpoint and Application-
Services
Control Mitigation Layer Inspection

Integrate AdvancedSecurity
Security Point IPsec
Services Where and SSL
Needed
IPS
Products VPN
Firewall Access Control Network Antivirus
Integrated Collaborative Adaptive

Leverage IPsec and SSL

IPS IP Network
Existing VPN
Investment
Firewall Access Control Network Antivirus
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Core Topology

MARS
ACS
VPN

Remote Worker
Intern Firewall
et
VPN
IPS

WAN

Iron Port
VPN CSA
Remote Branch

LAN
Web Email
Server Server DNS

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 28

Operations Security

• Cisco Self-Defending Network

design provides products that
can deploy independently of one
another
• All networks will be vulnerable to
attack if the planning,
implementation, operations, and
maintenance of the network do
not adhere to operational
security practices
• Operations security starts with
the planning and implementation
process of a network

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 29

Core Principles

• Separation of duties:
two-man control and dual
operator
• Rotation of duties
• Trusted recovery:
failure preparation and
system recovery
• Change and configuration
controls

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Separation of Duties

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Rotation of Duties

Technical support
Week 1

Week 2
Data Center Support

Week 3

Data Entry

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Trusted Recovery

Practices:
• A junior staff member is responsible for loading
blank media.
• Backup software uses an account that is
unknown to individuals to bypass file security.
• A different staff member removes the backup
media and securely stores it on site while being
assisted by another member of the staff.
• A separate copy of the backup is stored off site Backup 3 Backup 2
and is handled by a third staff member who is
accompanied by another staff member.
Backup 1

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Configuration Change Control

There are five steps in a

change control process:
1.Apply to introduce the
change.
2.Catalogue the proposed
change.
3.Schedule the change.
4.Implement the change.
5.Report the change to relevant
parties.

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Objectives of Security Testing and
Evaluation

Objectives of ST&E:
Uncover design, implementation,
and operational flaws that
could lead to the violation of the
security policy.

Determine the adequacy of

security mechanisms, assurances,
and device properties to enforce
the security policy.

Assess the degree of consistency

between the system
documentation and its
implementation.

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Assessing the Operational Status

• Network scanning
• Vulnerability scanning
• Password cracking
• Log review
• Integrity checkers
• Virus detection
• War dialing
• War driving (802.11 or wireless LAN testing)
• Penetration testing

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Using Testing Results

• As a reference point for corrective action

• To define mitigation activities to address identified vulnerabilities
• As a benchmark to trace the progress of an organization in meeting
security requirements
• To assess the implementation status of system security
requirements
• To conduct cost and benefit analysis for improvements to system
security
• To enhance other activities such as risk assessments, Certification
and Authorization (C&A), and performance improvement efforts

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 37

Security Testing Tools

• Nmap: – discovers computers and services on a

computer network, thus creating a map of the network.
• GFI LANguard: network and security scanner which
detects vulnerabilities.
• Tripwire: assesses and validates IT configurations against internal policies,
compliance standards, and security best practices
• Nessus: vulnerability scanning software, focusing on remote access,
misconfiguration passwords, and DoS against the TCP/IP stack.
• L0phtcrack: password auditing and recovery application.
• Metasploit: provides information about vulnerabilities and aids in
penetration testing and IDS signature development.
• SuperScan: port scanning software designed to detect open TCP and UDP
ports and what services are running on those ports

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 38

Nmap

Basic functionality
• Classic TCP and UDP port
scanning
• Classic TCP and UDP port
sweeping
• Stealth TCP and UDP port
scans and sweeps
• Remote operating system
identification, known as
OS fingerprinting.

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SuperScan

• Improved host detection using

multiple ICMP methods
• TCP SYN scanning
• UDP scanning (two methods)
• Source port scanning
• Fast hostname resolving
• Extensive banner grabbing
• IP and port scan order
randomization
• Extensive Windows host
enumeration capability

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Continuity Planning Objectives

• Moving or relocating critical

business components and
people to a remote location
while the original location
is being repaired
• Utilizing different channels
of communication to deal
with customers,
shareholders, and partners
until operations return to
normal

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 41

Disaster Recovery

• The process of regaining

access to the data,
hardware, and software
necessary to resume
critical business
operations after a
disaster.
• Plan for coping with
unexpected or sudden
loss of key personnel.

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Disruptions

• Identify types of
disasters or
disruptions possible
• Take into account the
magnitude of the
disruption

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 43

Backups

• Redundancy
- Replacement components
owned by the organization
or a server provider
- Service level agreement
(SLA)

• Redundant facility
- Hot Site
- Warm Site
- Cold Site

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 44

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Initiation

Initiation

Security categorization: This task defines threeAcquisition

Disposition and
levels of potential
impact on organizations or individuals should thereDevelopment
be a breach of
security: low, moderate, and high,. Security categorization standards
help organizations make the appropriate selection of security controls
for their information systems.
Preliminary risk assessment: This task results in an initial
description of the basic security needs of the system. A preliminary
risk assessment should define the threat environment in which the
Operations and
system will operate. Implementation
Maintenance

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 45

Acquisition and Development

Risk assessment: an analysisInitiation

that identifies the protection requirements
for the system through a formal risk assessment process.
Security functional requirements: an analysis of requirements
Security assurance requirements: an analysis of the requirements that
address the developmental activities that are required and the assurance
evidenceDisposition
that is needed to produce the desired level Acquisition and
of confidence
Security cost considerations and reporting: determines Development
how much of
the development cost to attribute to information security
Security planning: new and current agreed upon security controls should
be fully documented.
Security control development: ensures that the security controls that the
respective security plans describe are designed, developed, and
implemented.
Operations and
Developmental security test and evaluation:
Maintenance ensures that security
Implementation
controls that are developed for a new information system are working
properly and are effective.

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Implementation

Inspection and acceptance: ensures that the organization validates and

Initiation
verifies that the functionality that the specification describes is included in
the deliverables.
System integration: ensures that the system is integrated at the
operational site where the information system is deployed for operation.
Security certification: ensures that one effectively
Disposition implements
Acquisition andthe
controls through established verification techniquesDevelopment
and procedures.
Security accreditation: provides the necessary security authorization of
an information system to process, store, or transmit information that is
required.

Operations and
Maintenance Implementation

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Operations and Maintenance

Initiation
Configuration management and control: ensures that there is
adequate consideration of the potential security impacts due to
specific changes to an information system or its surrounding
environment.
Disposition Acquisition and
Continuous monitoring: ensures that controls continue to be
Development
effective in their application through periodic testing and evaluation.

Operations and
Maintenance Implementation

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 48

Disposition

Initiation

Disposition Acquisition and

Development

Information preservation: ensures that information is retained, as

necessary, to conform to current legal requirements and to
accommodate future technology changes that can render the retrieval
method obsolete.
Media sanitization: ensures that data is deleted, erased, and written
Operations and
over, as necessary.
Maintenance Implementation
Hardware and software disposal: ensures that hardware and software
is disposed of as directed by the information system security officer.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 49

Determining an Organization’s Assets

Ask the following questions:

• What does the organization THREATS
have that others want?
• What processes, data, or
information systems are critical
to the organization?
• What would stop the
organization from doing
business or fulfilling its
mission?

Security Policies are

designed to protect assets

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 50

Security Policy Benefits

• Demonstrates an organization’s
commitment to security.
• Sets the rules for expected
behavior.
• Ensures consistency in system
operations, software and
hardware acquisition and use,
and maintenance.
• Defines the legal consequences
of violations.
• Gives security staff the backing
of management.

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Audience

• Anyone with access to the network

- Internal audience
- External audience

• Determines the content of the policy

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Hierarchy of Policies

Governing Policy

Technical End-User
Policies Policies

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Governing Policy

Important components:
• A statement of the issue that the
policy addresses.
• How the policy applies in the
environment.
• The roles and responsibilities of
those affected by the policy.
• The actions, activities, and
processes that are allowed and
those that are not.
• The consequences of
noncompliance.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 54

Technical Policies

• General policies
• E-mail policies
• Remote -access policies
• Telephony policy
• Application policies
• Network policies
• Wireless communication policy

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End User Policy

• Cover all rules

pertaining to
information security
that end users should
know about, comply
with, and implement.
• May overlap with
technical policies.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 56

Standards, Guidelines, and
Procedures

• The security policy documents

are high-level overview
documents
• Standards, guidelines, and
procedures contain the actual
details defined in the policies
• Each document serves a
different function, covers
different specifications and
targets a different audience

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 57

Standards Documents

Standards documents include the technologies that are required for

specific uses, hardware and software versioning requirements,
program requirements, and any other organizational criteria
© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 58
Guideline Documents

• Provide a list of suggestions

• Provide flexibility
• Not usually mandatory
• Sources:
- National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST)
Computer Security Resource Center
- National Security Agency (NSA) Security Configuration Guides
- The Common Criteria standard

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 59

Procedure Documents

Procedure documents include the details of implementation,

usually with step-by-step instructions and graphics

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 60

Management Responsibilities

Executive-level management must always be consulted

during security policy creation in order to ensure the policy
is comprehensive, cohesive, and legally binding.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 61

Executive Titles

• Chief Technology Officer (CTO)—Identifies and evaluates

new technologies and drives new technology development
Maintains and enhances current enterprise systems.
• Chief Information Officer (CIO)—Responsible for the
information technology and computer systems that support
enterprise goals, to include successful deployment of new
technologies and work processes.
• Chief Security Officer (CSO)—Develops, implements and
manages the organization’s security strategy, programs, and
processes associated with all aspects of business operation
including intellectual property.
• Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)—Develops and
implements security policy. .

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Security Awareness Program

• Reflects the business needs of an organization

• Informs users of their IT security responsibilities
• Explains all IT security policy and procedures
• Explains proper rules of behavior for the use of the IT
systems and data
• Details sanctions for noncompliance
Security
• Components Awareness
Program
- Awareness campaigns
- Training and education

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Awareness

Methods for increasing

awareness:
•Lectures, videos
•Posters, newsletter articles,
and bulletins
•Awards for good security
practices
•Reminders such as login
banners, mouse pads, coffee
cups, and notepads

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 64

Training and Education

From: IT department
To: all Employees
Subject: Course Offerings
We are currently offering several training opportunities. Please see
the list below and contact your manager if interested.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 65

Success

A successfully implemented security awareness program

measurably reduces unauthorized actions by insiders, increases
the effectiveness of existing controls, and helps fight waste,
fraud, and abuse of information systems resources.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 66

Laws and Ethics

• Types of Laws
- Criminal
- Civil
- Administrative

• Ethics
- Computer Ethics Institute
- Internet Activities Board (IAB)
- Generally Accepted System Security Principles (GASSP)
- International Information Systems Security Certification
Consortium, Inc (ISC)2 Code of Ethics

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The ISC2 Code of Ethics

• Code of Ethics Preamble

Safety of the commonwealth, duty to our
principals, and to each other requires that
we adhere, and be seen to adhere, to the
highest ethical standards of behavior.
Therefore, strict adherence to this Code is
a condition of certification.

• Code of Ethics Canons

- Protect society, the commonwealth, and the infrastructure.
- Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally.
- Provide diligent and competent service to principals.
- Advance and protect the profession.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 68

Motive, Opportunity, and Means

• Motive answers the question

of why a person (or persons)
committed the illegal act.
• Opportunity answers the
question of when and where
the person committed the
crime.
• Means answers the question
of how the person committed
the crime.

© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 69

Forensics Procedures

• Proper data collection

• Data chain of custody
• Data storage
• Data backups

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© 2009 Cisco Learning Institute. 71