MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

AND SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 2
 MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

• It is the system used to communicate

mathematical ideas.
• Out of all the mathematical ideas there are
4 main actions attributed to problem-
solving and reasoning.
• According to Kenney, Hancewicz, Heuer,
Metsisto and Tuttle the 4 main actions are:
 4 MAIN ACTIONS

• Modelling And Formulating

• Transforming And Manipulating
• Inferring
• Communicating
 MODELLING AND FORMULATING

• creating appropriate
representations and
relationships to mathematize
the original problem
 TRANSFORMING AND
MANIPULATING

• changing the mathematical

form in which a problem is
originally expressed to
equivalent forms that
represent solutions.
 INFERRING

• applying derived results to

the original problem
situation, and interpreting
and generalizing the results
in that light
 COMMUNICATING

• reporting what has been

learned about a problem to a
specified audience.
 A. CHARACTERISTIC OF
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
 CHARACTERISTIC OF
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

1. Precise – exact or accurate

2. Concise – expressing much on a few words
or letter
3. Powerful – having great influence
4. Clear – free from confusion
5. Objective – emphasizing or expressing
things
 B. MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSIONS AND SENTENCES
 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS

• A combination of mathematical
symbols and operations that convey
a mathematical idea.
 BASIC OPERATIONS

• Addition,
• Subtraction,
• Multiplication,
• Division
 VARIABLE

• Represented as any letter but usually

x and y
• It assumes many values
• Represents the unknown quantity.
 NUMERICAL COEFFICIENT/
COEFFICIENT

• The number before the variable

• It represents how many times the
variable is being added in a term.
 CONSTANT

• Any single number in the expression

• It represents a fixed valued quantity
 POLYNOMIALS

• Consists of terms, which is a combination

of a constant and variables preceded by a
minus or a plus sign.
MONOMIAL
• Consists of only one term
BINOMIAL
• Consists of exactly two terms
TRINOMIAL
• Consists of exactly three terms
 MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE

• combines two mathematical

expression using a comparison
operator.
 COMPARISON OPERATORS

• Equal =
• not equal ≠
• greater than >
• greater than or equal to ≥
• less than <
• less than or equal to ≤
 EXAMPLES OF EQUATION

• 4x + 3 = 19
• V = 1/3 π r 2 h
• I = Pit
•A=bxh
• y = mx + b
 EXAMPLES OF INEQUALITY

• 15x – 5 < 3y
• 2x + 3y ≥ 4
 OPEN SENTENCE

• uses variables whether or not the

variables is true or false
• 2xy < 3y
• If x = 2
• Y=3
• 2(2)(3) < 3(3)
 CLOSED SENTENCE

• a mathematical sentence that is

known to be either true or false.
TRUE CLOSED SENTENCE

• 2 (x + y) = 2x + 2y
• If x = 1
•Y=2
• 2(1) + 2(2) = 2(1) + 2(2)
TRUE CLOSED SENTENCE

• 6=6
• So there’s no confusion
• It is true
FALSE CLOSED SENTENCE

• 9 is an even number
• The statement is false
 C. CONVENTIONS IN THE
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
 CONTEXT

• refers to particular topics being

studied and it is important to
understand mathematical symbols
 CONVENTION

• a technique used by
mathematicians , engineers,
scientist, in which each particular
symbol has a particular meaning
D. FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS
 1. SETS

• is a well defined collection of distinct

objects, usually named with a capital
letter
• Set of numbers
• Set of people
• Set of letters
 THE SYMBOL
 

denotes membership
•  
•
• x A is read as x is an element of set
A
• Which means that x can be found in
set A
 THE SYMBOL
 

denotes non membership

•  
•
• x A read as x is not an element of A,
• which means that x does not belong
to a set
 2 WAYS TO DESCRIBE A SET

1. Roster /Tabular Method

• The elements in a given set are listed or
enumerated, separated by a comma, inside
a pair of braces { }
2. Rule /Descriptive Method
• The common characteristics of the
elements are defined
 ROSTER / TABULAR METHOD

Example:
• The elements of A are as follows
• {1,2,3,4,5}
 RULE / DESCRIPTIVE METHOD

Example:
• All elements in set B are negative
integers
• B = { x | x < 0, x ∈ ℤ}
• B = {negative integers}
 KINDS OF SETS

1.Empty / Null / Void Set

2.Finite set
3.Infinite set
4.Universal Set
 EMPTY / NULL / VOID SET

It has no element and denoted by

•  
•
• or a pair of braces with no element
inside { }
 FINITE SET

• has countable number of elements

Example:
• Let x be {1,2,3,4,5}
• That’s the end of it
 INFINITE SET

• has uncountable number of elements

Example:
• Let x be
• Set of all natural numbers {1,2,3,
……………}
 UNIVERSAL SET

• the totality of all the elements of the sets

under consideration, denoted by U
Example:
• U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
• A = {1,3,5,7,9}
• B = {2,4,6,8,10}
• C = {2,3,5,7}
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SETS

1.Equal sets
2.Equivalent sets
3.Joint sets
4.disjoint sets
 EQUAL SETS

• they have the same elements

Example:
• A= {1,2,3}
• B= {3,2,1}
• {1,2,3} = {3,2,1}
 EQUIVALENT SETS

• they have the same number of

elements
Example:
• A= {1,2,3,4,5}
• B= {a,b,c,d,e}
• 5 = 5 elements
 JOINT SETS

• have at least one common element

Example:
• A= {10,20,30}
• B= {5,10,15}
• 10 is common
 DISJOINT SETS

• have no common element

Example:
• A= {10,20,30}
• B= {3,6,9}
• No common
 SUBSET

is a set every element of which can

••  

be found on a bigger set

• means “a subset of”
{a,b,c} {a,b,c,d,e}
• means “ not a subset of”
{a,b,c} {d,e,f,g,h}
 IMPROPER SUBSET

if the subset is equals to the whole

•  
•
set
{1,2,3} {1,2,3}
• If the subset is empty
{ } {1,2,3}
 POWER SET

a set containing all the possible

•  
•
subsets, including the improper subsets
of a given set.
Example:
• If we have the set
• We can make a subset of
• PA
 OPERATIONS ON SETS

• Union
• Intersection
• Difference
• Complement
 UNION
 

•• is
 a set whose elements are found in both A
or B
Example:
• A = {2,4,6,8,10}
• B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
The union sets of
• A B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10}
 INTERSECTION ∩

• a set whose elements are common to both

sets
Example:
• A = {2,4,6,8,10}
• B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
The intersection sets of
• A ∩ B = {2,4,6}
 DIFFERENCE -

• is a set whose elements are found in set A

but not in set B
Example:
• A = {2,4,6,}
• B = {2,3,4,5,6}
The difference of sets in
• B - A = {3,5}
 COMPLEMENT OF SET A (A’)

• a set whose elements are found in the

universal set but not in set A
Example:
• U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
• A = {1,2,3,4,5}
Compliment set A
• A’ = {6,7,8,9}
 VENN-EULER DIAGRAMS

• a pictorial representation of
relationship and operations of sets

A B A B A B A B

  𝑨∪𝑩   𝑨∩𝑩   𝑨−𝑩   𝑨′

 2. FUNCTIONS

• is a rule that assigns each element in X • The result is now called

to exactly one element in Y ordered pairs in the form (x,y)
Student – subject pair {(Alyssa, Chemistry),
X = {Alyssa, Elijah, Steph, Shei} (Elijah, Math),
Y = {Chemistry, Math, Physics, Statistics} (Steph, Physics),
(Shei, Statistics)}
 RELATION

• a rule which associates each element of the

first set(set A) with at least one element in
the second set (set B).
 FUNCTION AND RELATION

• In short in function • In short in relation

• 1 input is equal to 1 • 1 input can be paired
output to many outputs
• Or 1 is to 1 Or 1 is to many
0 -2 0 -2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4
 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

BASE OF 2 DECIMAL
• A number system that VALUE
only uses two numbers
1
0 and 1.
2
2
• In order to use the
4
4
binary system you
must be familiar with 8
8
this table 16
16
32
32
64
64
 CONVERTING DECIMAL TO
BINARY

Divide the whole number by 2,

• If there is ANY remainder write 1
• If there is NO remainder write 0
Repeat until the last possible value for the
whole number is 1
Convert 142 to binary
142 ÷ 2 = 71 r = 0 LSB
71 ÷ 2 = 35 r = 1
35 ÷ 2 = 17 r = 1
17 ÷ 2 =8 r=1
8÷2 =4 r=0
4÷2 =2 r=0
2÷2 =1 r=0
1÷2 =0 r = 1 MSB
In reading the binary you must start with MSB (most
significant byte) to LSB (least significant byte)
So 142 in binary is read as 10001110
 Another Technique:

D.V 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

142 x 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
256 > 142 so we won’t need it.
128 < 142 so we use it and its 1 then 142 – 128 = 14
64, 32, and 16 exceeds 14 so they are 0
8 < 14 so it is also 1, 14 – 8 = 6
4 < 6 so it is also 1, 6 – 4 = 2
2 = 2 so it is also 1, 2 – 2 = 0
No more. So the rest is 0.
Therefore 142 in binary is read as 10001110.
 CONVERTING BINARY TO
DECIMAL

• Convert 1011010 to decimal

D.V 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1011010
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
VALUES
64 16 8 2

• Add all the values

• 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 to get
• The decimal value which is 90
 EXERCISE

CONVERT THE FOLLOWING:

DECIMAL TO BINARY
963
741

BINARY TO DECIMAL
11100110111
11000111001