PILE FOUNDATION

By –
C.M.GUPTA
Sr.Prof/Br.2
IRICEN

1
TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS
• SHALLOW
– SINGLE FOOTING
– COMBINED FOOTING
– RAFT
– STRIP
• DEEP
– PILE
– WELL

2
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
• ADEQUATE GRIP- BELOW DEEPEST
ANTICIPATED SCOUR
• DEPTH OF FOUNDATION BELOW WATER LEVEL
FOR Qf –
• NOT LESS THAN 1.33 X MAX DEPTH OF SCOUR
• SHALL NOT REST ON SLOPING ROCK STRATA
• DYNAMIC AUGMENT NEED NOT BE
CONSIDERED

3
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• BROAD CALSSIFICATION
– DRIVEN (DISPLACEMENT PILES)
– BORED (REPLACEMENT PILE)
• ON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL
– TIMBER
– STEEL
– PCC
– RCC
– PSC
– COMPOSITE

4
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• Method of construction
– Driven precast piles
– Driven cast in situ piles
– Bored precast piles
– Bored cast in situ piles
• Mode of load transmission
– End bearing piles
– Friction piles
– Friction cum end bearing piles

5
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• Sectional area
– Circular
– Square
– Tubular
– Octagonal
– H-section
• Size
– Micro (mini) piles (<150 mm)
– Small diameter pile (>150 mm < 600 mm)
– Large diameter pile (>600 mm)

6
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES

• INCLINATION

– VERTICAL PILES

– RAKER (BATTER PILES)

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8
9
END BEARING PILE

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FRICTION PILES

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DRIVEN PILING

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BORED PILING

13
 CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATION
• Driven precast piles
– Drop hammer
– Single/ double acting hammer
– Diesel hammer
– Vibratory hammer
• Driven cast in situ piles
– Steel casing pipe with shoe at bottom driven to reqd depth
– Casting after placing reinforcement cage
• Bored cast in situ piles
– Guide casing of 3-4 m at top of bore hole
– Bailer – chiesel
– Bentonite slurry for stabilisation
– Flushing
– Concreting after placing rein. Cage
– Tremie method of concreting
– Concrete grade m 20 or higher
– High slump concrete 14
DRIVING OF PILE

15
 DRIVEN CAST IN SITU

• Driving a permanent
or temporary casing
and filling with plain
or reinforced
concrete

16
INSTALLATION OF BORED CAST IN SITU
PILES

• BAILER AND CHISEL METHOD

• AUGUR BORING
• BORING USING OSCILLATORS
• VIBRATORY DRILLING RIGS

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BAILER AND CHISEL METHOD

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AUGAR
BORING

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UNDER REAMING RIG

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 BORED CAST IN SITU PILES
• Stabilization of bore
–Drilling Mud Circulation
(Bentonite Slurry)
Bentonite is impure clay
consisting of Montmorillonite.
Na cation responsible for support
21
MUD CIRCULATION

22
 TREMIE CONCRETING
• concrete to be rich in cement (min 370 kg/ m3), slump –
150 -180 mm
• casing- temp/permanent
• sliding plug/steel plate flushed ahead of first charge – to
prevent mixing of water
• hopper and tremie should be closed system
• dia of tremie pipe – 200mm for 20mm aggregare
• concreting to be uninterrupted
• top of concrete in pile – above cutoff level
• min embedment in pile cap – 50 mm
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TREMIE CONCRETING

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TREMIE CONCRETING

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Method statements for casting of piles

26
Method statements for casting of piles

27
Method statements for casting of piles

28
Method statements for pile cap casting

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Method statements for pile cap casting

30
Method statements for pile cap casting

31
 SELECTION OF TYPE OF PILES

• Availability of space and head room

• Proximity to structures
• Reliability – driven precast better
• Limitation of length- driven piles – 25 - 30 m

32
 SOCKETTING IN ROCK
• For the end bearing piles
– Sound relatively homogenous rock including
granite and gneiss -- 1 to 2D
– Moderately weathered closely formed
including schist & slate ---- 2 to 3D
– Soft rock --- 3 to 4D

33
 SEQUENCING OF PILING
• Normally from centre to periphery or from one
side to other
• Possibility of harm to adjacent piles be considered.
More damage in compact soils
• Order of installation should avoid creating a
compacted block of ground
• In stiff clay or compacted sand layers – from center
to outward or from one edge to across the group
• In very soft soils – from outside to inside
34
 SPACING OF PILES
• Determined based on the
– Type of soil
– Empirical approach
• Practical aspects of installing a pile
• Nature of load transfer
• Possible reduction in bearing capacity of a
group of piles

35
 SPACING OF PILES
• For end bearing piles
– Governed by competency of bearing strata
– Not less than 2.5 D
• For friction piles
– Sufficiently apart to avoid overlapping zones
– Not less than 3 D
• Closure spacing possible in loose sand or fillings
for driven piles only
• Max spacing 4 D
36
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILE
• In context of foundation engineering
• Load that a pile can carry without undergoing
continuous settlement for insignificant load
increments – by virtue of its boundary
conditions
• Failure of surrounding soil occurs before
failure of pile material

37
FACTORS INFLUENCING PILE CAPACITY

• Surrounding soil
• Installation technique
• Spacing of piles
• Symmetry of the group
• Location of pile cap
• Shape of pile cap
• Location of pile in a group
• Drainage conditions in soil
38
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF SINGLE PILE
• Dynamic pile formula – by using the data obtained during
piling ( conservation of energy)
– Hiley’s Formula
• More reliable for non-cohesive soils
• Not reliable for cohesive soils
• Static formula – using soil test results

• Load test – after 4 weeks of casting of pile

• Resistance due to skin friction available only below scour
line
• Drag down force

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Engineering news formula

40
Hileys formula

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 SE
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•Similar formula for clayey soil is also given in Annex B-2
ar
ea
of
i th
la
ye
r
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
• Annex B-1 of IS:2911 Part 1, Sec.2:2010 - For Granular soil

42
43
Bearing capacity factor Nγ

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Bearing capacity factor Nq

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46
47
48
49
 FACTOR OF SAFETY

• THE MINIMUM FOS – 2.5 FOR STATIC

FORMULA

• MINIMUM FOS – 2 FOR LOAD TEST

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 BEARING CAPACITY OF A PILE GROUP
• MAY BE
– EQUAL TO THE BC OF SINGLE PILE X NO. OF PILES
– LESS THAN THE ABOVE
• FRICTION PILES, CAST OR DRIVEN INTO
PROGRESSIVELY STIFFER MATERIALS & END BEARING
PILES – EQUAL
• FRICTION PILES INSTALLED IN SOFT AND CLAYEY SOILS
– LESS
• DRIVEN PILES IN LOOSE SANDY SOILS – MORE DUE TO
EFFECT OF COMPACTION
51
 BEARING CAPACITY OF A PILE GROUP
STRATA TYPE OF PILE BC PF PILE GROUP
1. DENSE SAND NOT DRIVEN NO. OF PILES X SPC
UNDERLAIN BY WEAK
DEPOSITS
2. LOOSE SANDY SOILS ½ (NO. OF PILES X SPC)

3. SAND NOT BORED ⅔ (NO. OF PILES X SPC)

UNDERLAIN BY WEAK
DEPOSITS

SPC – SINGLE PILE CAPACITY

FOR PILES DRIVEN INTO SOFT OR MEDIUM CLAYS WITH 3

TO 4 D SPACING – ULTIMATE GROUP CAPACITY = ⅔ OF
THE SUM OF SINGLE PILE CAPACITY
52
PERMISIBLE TOLERANCE FOR PILES
• ALIGNMENT CONTROL
– VERTICAL PILES – DEVIATION OF 1.5%
– RAKER PILES – DEVIATION OF 4%
• SHIFT
– FOR PILES LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 600 MM DIA
• NOT MORE THAN 75 MM OR D/4 WHICHEVER IS LESS
– FOR MORE THAN 600 MM. DIA. PILES
• 75 MM OR D/10 WHICHEVER IS MORE
• EXCESS DEVIATION BEYOND DESIGN LIMITS –PILE TO BE
REPLACED OR SUPPLEMENTED BY ADDITIONAL PILES

53
 OVERLOADING OF PILES
• 10% OF THE PILE CAPACITY MAY BE ALLOWED
ON EACH PILE
• MAX OVERLOADING ON A GROUP SHALL BE
RESTRICTED TO 40% OF THE ALLOWABLE
LOAD ON A SINGLE PILE
• SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED AT INITIAL DESIGN
STAGE

54
 LOAD TEST
• STRESS TEST
– MAINTAINED LOAD TEST
– CONSTANT RATE OF PENETRATION TEST
– LATERAL LOAD TEST
– DYNAMIC LOAD TEST
– CYCLIC LOAD TEST
• STRAIN TEST
– LOW STRAIN INTEGRITY TEST
– HIGH STRAIN INTEGRITY TEST
55
 PILE LOAD TESTING
(IS-2911 PART-IV)

• Initial Test
– On one or more piles
– Min. 2 tests if past experience of piles in that
area is not available
• Purpose
– To check safe load calculated by static or
dynamic formulae
– Arrive at safe load

56
 PILE LOAD TESTING
(IS-2911 PART-IV)

• Routine Test
– On ½ percent of piles, can be increased
to 2% depending on strata
• Purpose
– To check safety of piles against safe
load

57
 PILE LOAD TESTING
(IS-2911 PART-IV)

• VERTICAL LOAD TEST

– Maintained load method
– Cyclic load test (To separate skin friction and end bearing)
– CRP test (Uniform penetration)
• LATERAL LOAD TEST
• PULL OUT TEST

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 LOAD TEST-INITIAL TEST
• THE SAFE LOAD ON A SINGLE PILE WILL BE
LEAST OF THE FOLLOWING

– TWO THIRD OF THE FINAL LOAD AT

WHICH TOTAL DISPLACEMENT ATTAINS A
VALUE OF 12 MM

– 50 % OF THE FINAL LOAD AT WHICH THE

TOTAL DISPLACEMNT EQUALS 10 % OF
THE DIA. OF PILE
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 LOAD TEST - INITIAL
• THE SAFE LOAD FOR GROUP OF PILES

– FINAL LOAD AT WHICH TOTAL

DISPLACEMENT IS 25 MM

– TWO THIRD OF FINAL LOAD AT WHICH

DISPLACEMENT IS 40 MM

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LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVE
SAFE LOAD
Least of 2/3
P1 or ½ P2
FOR GROUP
Least of Load
corrp. to 25 mm
sett or 2/3
corrp. to 40 mm
sett.
LOAD IN
INCREMENTS
OF 20%
Final load
maintained for
24h
61
 LOAD TEST – ROUTINE TEST
• TEST LOAD WILL BE ATLEAST 1.5
TIMES THE WORKING LOAD

• MAX. SETTLEMENT SHOULD NOT >

12 MM

• FOR GROUP OF PILES MAX.

SETTLEMENT SHOULD NOT > 25 MM
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STATIC LOAD TEST

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 PILE LOAD TEST
(KENTELEDGE ARRANGEMENT)

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PILE LOAD TEST
(WITH ANCHOR PILES)

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 DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
• SUPPLEMENTS STATIC TESTING
• HIGH STRAIN TESTING
– PROVIDES DATA ON FORCE & ACCELERATION OF PILE
– EVALUATION OF BEARING CAPACITY
– FACILITATE IMMEDIATE DECISION ABOUT ACCEPTANCE
OR REJECTION OF PILE
• LOW STRAIN TESTING
– FOR TESTING CONTINUITY OF PILE
– INFORMATION ABOUT DIMENSIONS AND CONSISTANCY
OF MATERIAL
ASTM D 4945
66
 DEFECTS IN CAST IN SITU PILES
• HONEY COMBING DUE TO INADEQUATE VIBRATIONS
• SEGREGATION DUE TO IMPROPER CONCRETE
PLACEMENT METHODS
• WASHOUT OF CEMENT DUE TO GROUNDWATER
FLOW
• CRACKS IN PILE SHAFT DUE TO SHRINKAGE
• INCLUSION OF FOREIGN MATERIAL
• NECKING DUE TO COLLAPSE OF SIDE WALLS DURING
WITHDRAWAL OF TEMPORARY CASING

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NECKING IN PILE

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NECKING IN PILE

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 O U
K Y
A N
T H
70
DESIGN OF PILES

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 RELEVENT STANDARDS
• Manual on the Design and
Construction of well and pile
Foundations issued by RDSO
• IS 2911- Part I
– Section I – Driven cast in situ piles
– Section II- Bored cast in situ piles
– Section III- Driven precast concrete
piles
• IS 2911- Part IV- Load test
72
 RELEVENT STANDARDS

• Concrete Bridge code- For

structural design
• IRC- 78- For Road bridge
foundations, can be referred for
guidance

73
 STEPS OF DESIGN
1. From soil data, depth of scour – fix length
of pile
2. Based on thumb rules, fix dia of pile
3. Calculate load carrying capacity of single
pile using static formulae
4. Do rough design for selected group of piles.
Spacing to be based on thumb rules
5. Check design for load carrying capacity,
settlement, depth etc.
6. Revise design if required
7. Conduct load test to confirm capacity of
pile
8. Do structural design
74
 IMP. CODAL PROVISIONS
• DIA. OF PILE
– Bridge Manual- > normally 1 m
– IRC-78
» Bored piles on land- min. 1 m
» Bored pile in river bridge- min. 1.2 m
– IS 2911- Part I, Section 2
» Provisions are for max. dia of 2.5 m
• For Railway bridges dia. Of 1 m to 1.5
m be normally adopted

75
 IMP. CODAL PROVISIONS
• SPACING OF PILE
– IRC-78
» Friction- min. 3 D
» End bearing- Can be reduced to clear distance= D
that is c/c 2D
– IS 2911- Part I, Section 2
» End bearing- hard soil- Min. 2.5 D
» End bearing- hard rock- Min. 2.0 D
» Friction- Min 3.0 D
– RDSO Manual
» Friction – min. 3 D
» End bearing- Min. 2.5 D
» Max. 4 D

• For Railway bridges spacing of 2.5 D to 3.5D

be normally adopted
76
 IMP. CODAL PROVISIONS
• GROUP BEHAVIOR
– IRC-78
» End bearing- If spacing > 2.5 D, no reduction
» Friction- If spacing > 3 D, no reduction
» Check for block failure
» Settlement of group/single pile given for different
width of group/pile dia
– IS 2911- Part I, Section 2
» Bored piles- end bearing- No reduction
» Other cases – descriptive guidelines given
– RDSO Manual
» Dense sand not underlying by weak soil – driven
pile – No reduction
» Loose sand soil – 50% reduction
» Sand not underlying by weak soil – bored-
reduction 33%
77
 IMP. CODAL PROVISIONS
• PILE CAP
– IRC-78
» Min. thickness 0.6 m or 1.5 times dia of pile,
whichever is more
» max offset of 150 mm beyond outer face
» Pile to project 50 mm into pile cap
– IS 2911- Part I, Section 2
» Offset of 100-150 mm beyond outer face
» Pile to project 50 mm into pile cap
» Should be rigid enough
» Can be designed by taking dispersion at 45
degrees both from substructure and pile upto
centre line
– RDSO Manual
» NIL
78
 IMP. CODAL PROVISIONS
• CONCRETE AND STEEL
– IRC-78
» M 35, Min. cement 400 kg/m3, Max. W/C 0.4,
slump 50mm (150-200 for tremie)
» Min. long reinforcement 0.4%, links min. 8 mm @
150 mm c/c.
» Min cover 75 mm.
– IS 2911- Part I, Section 2
» M 20, Min. cement 400 kg/m3, 10% extra cement
when under water, slump 100- 180 mm (150-180
for tremie)
» Min. long reinforcement 0.4%, Min. spacing
100mm, links min 6 mm @ 150 mm c/c.
» Min cover 40 mm.
– RDSO Manual
» NIL
» CBC to be followed based on environment condition

79
 IMP. CODAL PROVISIONS
• FOS
– IRC-78
» 2.5 if derived from static formulae for
soil. 5 for end bearing on rock and 10 for
socket resistance.
– IS 2911- Part I, Section 2
» Appendix given for calculating strength
with static formulae
– RDSO Manual
» 3 if derived from static formulae.
» 2 if derived from load test
80
 LAYOUT

 Accuracy of prime
importance
 Should always be
cross checked by at
least two
independent surveys
 Permanent theodolite
stations with the base
line on the bank will
be established to
mark reference points

81
 Well v/s Pile

 In case of wells, it is possible to visually

examine the strata through which sinking is
done and material on which it is finally
resting, hence the bearing capacity of a well
is certain. On other hand bearing capacity
of pile is generally uncertain
 Concreting in the staining of wells is done
under dry conditions and the quality of
concrete is much better than in case of cast
in situ piles.
82
 Well v/s Pile

 Size of well foundation cannot be reduced

indefinitely and hence it uneconomical to
use well foundation for very small loads,
pile foundations are more suitable.

83
 NORMAL SCOUR
LACEY’s FORMULA- D = 0.473 (Qf/f)1/3
IF
(a)Design flood continues for sufficient time
(b)River is flowing straight through
incoherent alluvium and are free to adjust
their width of flow and their depth
(c)The width of the river is not less than the
Lacey’s regime width i.e. L= 4.85 Qf.
• f is the silt factor = 1.76m
• Where the width is less than Lacey’s
regime width
dc/d = (w/wc)0.61 84
 LOCAL SCOUR
• The depth calculated shall be increased as under-

Nature of the river Depth

of scour
- In a straight reach 1.25D
- At the moderate bend conditions e.g. along 1.5D
apron of guide bund
- At a severe bend 1.75D
- At a right angle bend or at nose of piers 2.0 D
- In severe swirls e.g. against mole head of a 2.5 to
guide bund 2.75D
85
 LOAD TRANSFER
The ultimate pile capacity is typically expressed as
the sum of the shaft and toe resistances:

Qu = Rs + Rt

This may also be expressed in terms of unit

resistances:

Qu = fs As + qt At

The above equations assume that the ultimate shaft

and toe resistances are simultaneously developed.86
 LOAD Qu
Axial Load Soil Resistance

TRANSFER
vs Depth vs Depth

Rs = 0
Rs

Rt
Rt

Uniform
Rt Rs

Triangular
Rt Rs
87