ES - Lecture2 - Aug 2

CS4057D EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Lecture 2 – August 2, 2021

Agenda
• Course plan discussion (Recap)
• Definition of Embedded System
– Comparison with General Purpose Computer
– Applications of Embedded Systems
• Components of Embedded Systems
– Hardware Components
Module 1 - August
• Definition of Embedded System, history and

development, Components, Microprocessors
& Microcontrollers, Embedded Systems Vs
General Computing Systems, various
applications of embedded systems – Washing
machine, Mobile phone, Automotive systems,
Artificial pace maker.
September
• Software for Embedded System. Real Time
Operating System, GPOS Vs RTOS, Components
of a RTOS, Tasks, Task Scheduling, mutex and
priority inversion, Different RTOSs, QNX,
VxWorks,
• On board Computers for Embedded System
development, Raspberry Pi, Jetson Nano –
hardware components, Heterogeneous
systems for embedded system development
October
Latest technologies used in Embedded System -
Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Robotics,
IoT, Heterogeneous Computing, Cloud connectivity &
Augmented Reality. Running Deep Learning models
on embedded systems
implementation of Computer Vision models like CNNs,
Object Detectors in applications like automation and
other industrial applications, Study of challenges faced
in the implementation of AI models in embedded
systems and the future scope.
November
Embedded Software & Robotics, simple Robotics
applications using Raspberry pi. Embedded systems
for voice oriented applications, Intelligent Virtual
assistants, Alexification of everything, integration to
cloud services to build smart connected systems. Edge
computing.
Biomedical devices for Health care, Smart hospitals
using edge devices, Designing Point of Care(POC)
Devices for Healthcare, Developing a bio-device for
primary screening of Cancer diseases – case study
Grading Policy
Evaluation Type Weightage – in percentage
Quiz1 (before Test 1) 10
Quiz4 (before T2) 10
Project 20
End Semester Exam 20 (Quiz7 and Quiz8 for 10+10

marks)
Introduction to Embedded System
Embedded system-definition
Embedded System is any device that includes a

programmable computer but is not itself intended
to be a general purpose computer.
Embedded system
An embedded system is one that has computer

hardware with software embedded in it as one of
its most important component.
They are electronic systems that contain a

microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we don’t
think of them as computers; the computer is
hidden or embedded in the system
Embedded system
An embedded system is a system whose principal

function is not computational, but which is
controlled by a computer embedded in it. The
computer is likely to be a microprocessor or micro
controller.
Embedded System
Embedded System
General Purpose Computer -
Von Newman Architecture
Basic Elements of a Computer
Fetch execute algorithm
PC = <machine start address>;

IR = memory[PC];
haltFlag = CLEAR;
while(haltFlag not SET)
{
execute(IR);
PC = PC + sizeof(INSTRUCT);
IR = memory[PC]; // fetch phase
}
Year Microarchitecture No of Pipe stages MHz nm
1978 8086 (8086, 8088) 2 5
3000
1982 186 (80186, 80188) 2 25
1982 286 (80286) 3 25
1500
1985 386 (80386) 3 33
1989 486 (80486) 5 100 1000
1993 P5 (Pentium) 5 200 800, 600, 350
1995 P6 (Pentium Pro, Pentium II) 14 (17 with load & store/retire) 450 500, 350, 250
1997 P5 (Pentium MMX) 6 233 350
1999 P6 (Pentium III) 12 (15 with load & store/retire) 1400 250, 180, 130
NetBurst (Pentium 4)
2000 2000 180
(Willamette)
20 unified with branch prediction
NetBurst (Pentium 4)
2002 3466 130
(Northwood, Gallatin)
Pentium M (Banias, Dothan)

2003 10 (12 with fetch/retire) 2333 130, 90, 65
Enhanced Pentium M (Yonah)
NetBurst (Pentium 4, Pentium D)
2004 31 unified with branch prediction 3800 90, 65
(Prescott)
2006 Intel Core 3000 65

12 (14 with fetch/retire)
2007 Penryn (die shrink) 3333 45
20 unified (14 without miss
Nehalem 3600
prediction)
2008
Bonnell 16 (20 with prediction miss) 2100
20 unified (14 without miss

2010 Westmere (die shrink) 3866
prediction)
32
Saltwell (die shrink) 16 (20 with prediction miss) 2130
2011
Sandy Bridge 4000
2012 Ivy Bridge (die shrink) 4100
Silvermont 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire) 2670 22

2013
Haswell 4400
2014 Broadwell (die shrink) 3700
Airmont (die shrink) 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire) 2640

2015
Skylake 14 (16 with fetch/retire) 5200

14
2016 Goldmont 20 unified with branch prediction 2600
? 20 unified with branch

2017 Goldmont Plus 2800
prediction ?
2018 Palm Cove 14 (16 with fetch/retire) 3200 10
2019 Sunny Cove 14–20 4100

10
Tremont 3300
2020
Willow Cove 5300 10
2021 Cypress Cove 5200 14

Embedded System Vs General
Purpose Computer System
GPCS Embedded System
-Generic hardware + GPOS -Special purpose hardware + RTOS
-Application are alterable by -Firmware of the embedded system

the user is pre-programmed and it is non-
alterable by end user
-Application specific requirements
-Performance is the are key deciding factor
selection factor; Faster is
-Highly tailored to take advantage of
better power saving modes supported by
h/w
-options for different levels -mission critical most of the time
of power management
-response requirement are

not time critical
Applications of ES
• Robotic science:
– Ground Vehicles
– Drones
– Underwater Vehicles
– Industrial Robots
• Medical
– Dialysis Machine,
– CT/MRI scanners
– Infusion Pumps
– Cardiac Monitor
– Artificial Pace Maker
• Automotive
– Engine Control
– Ignition System
– Brake System
• Networking
– Router
– Hubs
• Home Devices:
– TVs, DVD Video Player
– Cameras
• Automobiles
– Fuel Injection
– Lighting System, Door Locks
– Air Bags, Windows
– Parking Assistant System
– Anti-stealing Alarms Whippers Motion
• Industrial Control
– Robotics
– Missiles, Nuclear Reactors
– Space Stations
Keyboard Controller
HDC & Printer controller
Mars Rover
Robotic Dog
BMW Car
Embedded Software
Functional architecture
Embedded C ASM file
Compiler Assembler
OBJ OBJ
LINKER/ LOCATER
Executable file
Target system
Components of ES
- Special purpose Hardware

- Real Time Operating System
- Real time Applications
Hardware components of ES
- Processor
- Power supply
- Clock oscillators
- Real time clock and timers
- Watch dog timers
- Memories
- I O ports and buses
- Interrupt handlers
- DAC and ADC circuits
- LCD/LED Displays
- Keypad/keyboard
Processors in ES
-Microprocessor
-Microcontrollers
-DSPs
-SoCs
-Multi processor system

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CS4057D EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Lecture 2 – August 2, 2021

• Definition of Embedded System, history and

End Semester Exam 20 (Quiz7 and Quiz8 for 10+10

Embedded System is any device that includes a

An embedded system is one that has computer

They are electronic systems that contain a

An embedded system is a system whose principal

PC = <machine start address>;

1989 486 (80486) 5 100 1000

1993 P5 (Pentium) 5 200 800, 600, 350

1997 P5 (Pentium MMX) 6 233 350

Pentium M (Banias, Dothan)

2006 Intel Core 3000 65

Bonnell 16 (20 with prediction miss) 2100

20 unified (14 without miss

Silvermont 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire) 2670 22

Airmont (die shrink) 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire) 2640

Skylake 14 (16 with fetch/retire) 5200

2016 Goldmont 20 unified with branch prediction 2600

? 20 unified with branch

2018 Palm Cove 14 (16 with fetch/retire) 3200 10

2019 Sunny Cove 14–20 4100

2021 Cypress Cove 5200 14

-Application are alterable by -Firmware of the embedded system

-response requirement are

Embedded C ASM file

- Special purpose Hardware

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