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Basic Principles: Tonnes (T) ) )

The document discusses basic principles of density, mass, volume, and ship stability. It defines density as mass per unit volume and provides the common units used. Archimedes' principle and the law of flotation are explained. Density of water ranges from 1 t/m3 for fresh water to 1.025 t/m3 for salt water. Displacement is defined as the mass of water a floating object displaces. Displacement can be calculated using an object's volume, the water density, and a block coefficient for non-box shapes. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating mass, volume, displacement, and a ship's block coefficient.

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Bharatiyulam
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
182 views

Basic Principles: Tonnes (T) ) )

The document discusses basic principles of density, mass, volume, and ship stability. It defines density as mass per unit volume and provides the common units used. Archimedes' principle and the law of flotation are explained. Density of water ranges from 1 t/m3 for fresh water to 1.025 t/m3 for salt water. Displacement is defined as the mass of water a floating object displaces. Displacement can be calculated using an object's volume, the water density, and a block coefficient for non-box shapes. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating mass, volume, displacement, and a ship's block coefficient.

Uploaded by

Bharatiyulam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

BASIC PRINCIPLES

The density of any given substance is it’s mass per unit volume.

This can be expressed as: DENSITY = MASS


VOLUME

For ship stability purposes the units commonly used are:

Mass: tonnes (t)


Volume: cubic metres (m3)
Density: tonnes per cubic metre (t/m3)

Rearranging the above formula gives:

VOLUME = MASS
DENSITY

and: MASS = VOLUME  DENSITY

Density of water in which a ship typically floats


A ship is presumed to always float in water which lies in the
following density range:
FRESH WATER (FW): 1.000 t/m3 to
SALT WATER (SW): 1.025 t/m3
Water that lies between these two extremes is termed DOCK
WATER (DW).

Basic principles (MAR Rev 1


. 12/08/02)
The laws governing flotation
Two laws need to be considered:

* Archimedes’ principle;
* The law of flotation.

1. Archimede’s principle
States that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in
a liquid, it experiences an upthrust (apparent loss of mass
- termed Buoyancy force (Bf)) equal to the mass of liquid
displaced.

Consider a block of steel measuring 2m  2m  2m that has


a density of 7.84 t/m3.

SAQ
If this block was to be suspended by a ship’s crane that
has a very accurate load gauge, what load (mass) would
register on the gauge if the block was suspended over the
ship’s side in air?

2m
Steel
7.84 t/m3

2m
2m

Basic principles (MAR Rev 2


. 12/08/02)
Answer
The block is suspended in air!
Since: Mass = Volume  Density;
Mass of the block = (2m 2m 2m) 7.84 t/m3
= 62.72 t

The crane driver now lowers the block so that it becomes half
submerged in the dock water which has a density of 1.020 t/m3.

1m
DOCK WATER
DENSITY
1.020 t/m3
2m
2m

SAQ
What load (mass) will the gauge now indicate?

Basic principles (MAR Rev 3


. 12/08/02)
Answer
The block is now displacing a volume of water where:

Volume of water displaced = (2m  2m  1m)


= 4 m3

Mass of water displaced = Volume  Density of the dock


water;
= 4 m3  1.020 t/m3
= 4.08 t which represents the upthrust of the
buoyancy force (Bf) created by the displaced water.

Therefore: Mass of block = 62.72 t


Upthrust due to Bf = 4.08 t
Gauge reading = 58.64 t
BUOYANCY FORCE ACTING AT CENTROID
OF UNDERWATER VOLUME ( 4.08 t)

DOCK WATER
DENSITY B
1.020 t/m3

WEIGHT FORCE ACTING AT CENTRE OF


GRAVITY OF THE BLOCK (62.72 t)
Basic principles (MAR Rev 4
. 12/08/02)
SAQ
What load (mass) will the gauge indicate if the crane driver
now lowers the block so that it is completely submerged in the
dock water?

DOCK WATER
DENSITY 2m
1.020 t/m3

2m
2m

Basic principles (MAR Rev 5


. 12/08/02)
Answer
The block is now displacing a volume of water where:

Volume of water displaced = (2m  2m  2m)


= 8 m3

Mass of water displaced = Volume  Density of the dock


water;
= 8 m3  1.020 t/m3
= 8.16 t which represents the upthrust of the
buoyancy force (Bf) created by the displaced water.

Therefore: Mass of block = 62.72 t


Upthrust due to Bf = 8.16 t
Gauge reading = 54.56 t
BUOYANCY FORCE ACTING AT CENTROID
OF UNDERWATER VOLUME ( 8.16 t)

DOCK WATER
DENSITY G B
1.020 t/m3 G

WEIGHT FORCE ACTING AT CENTRE OF


GRAVITY OF THE BLOCK (62.72 t)
Basic principles (MAR Rev 6
. 12/08/02)
2. Law of flotation
States that every floating body displaces it’s own mass
of the liquid in which it floats.

The displacement of a ship (or any floating object) is defined as


the number of tonnes of water it displaces. It is usual to
consider a ship displacing salt water of density 1.025 t/m 3,
however, fresh water values of displacement (1.000 t/m3) are
often quoted in ship’s hydrostatic data.

The volume of displacement is the underwater volume of a ship


afloat i.e. the volume below the waterline.

To calculate the displacement (W) of a ship the following needs


to be known:

The volume of displacement (V)


The density of the water in which it floats ()

Since: MASS = VOLUME  DENSITY

the mass, or displacement, of a ship is calculated by:

DISPLACEMENT = VOL. OF DISPL.  WATER DENSITY

i.e. W=V

Basic principles (MAR Rev 7


. 12/08/02)
To calculate the displacement of a box-shaped vessel

Consider the vessel shown.

d Underwater volume
B

VOLUME OF DISPL. = LENGTH  BREADTH  DRAUGHT

VBOX = L  B  d

Therefore:

DISPLACEMENT = VOL. OF DISPL.  WATER DENSITY

WBOX = (L B  d)  

SAQ
Calculate the displacement of a box-shaped vessel that has a
length of 80 m, breadth of 16 m and floats at a draught of 4.2
m in salt water (density 1.025 t/m3).

Basic principles (MAR Rev 8


. 12/08/02)
Answer
WBOX = (L B d)  
 WBOX = (80  16  4.2)  1.025
 WBOX = 5510.4 t

To calculate the displacement of a ship


Since a ship is not box-shaped, a factor known as the block
coefficient (CB ) needs to be considered.

The block coefficient (CB) of a ship is the ratio of the


underwater volume to the volume of the circumscribing block.

CB = V
L B d

Therefore: WSHIP = (L B  d  CB)  

Basic principles (MAR Rev 9


. 12/08/02)
SAQ
A ship displaces 11400 tonnes and floats at a draught of 5.60
m in salt water. If the waterline length and breadth are 140 m
and 18 m respectively calculate the block coefficient of the
ship.

Answer
Mass = Volume  Density

Displacement = Vol. of displ.  Water density

 11400 = Vol. of displ.  1.025

 Vol. of displ. = 11400 = 1112.951 m3


1.025

CB = Vol. of displ.
L B d

 CB = 1112.951
140  18  5.60

 CB = 0.788

REMEMBER THAT CB HAS NO UNITS, IT IS A RATIO!


An alternative solution might be as follows:

Basic principles (MAR Rev 10


. 12/08/02)
Alternatively
WSHIP = (L B  d  CB)  

11400 = 140 18  5.60  CB 1.025

 CB = 11400
140 18  5.60 1.025

 CB = 0.788

Basic principles (MAR Rev 11


. 12/08/02)

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