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    Unit.3 - Adjectives and Adverbs

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    Uyển Nhi
    This document provides definitions and syntactic features of adjectives and adverbs. [1] It defines adjectives as words that denote qualities, colors, shapes, etc. and can function attributively or predicatively. Adjectives can be pre-modified by intensifiers and take comparative and superlative forms. [2] Adverbs are defined as words often used as adverbials or modifiers. Adverbs typically have the suffix "-ly" and can modify adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases, determiners, and noun phrases. [3] Both adjectives and adverbs are further classified according to their syntactic functions and semantic properties. Gradable vs

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    Unit.3 - Adjectives and Adverbs

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    Uyển Nhi
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    This document provides definitions and syntactic features of adjectives and adverbs. [1] It defines adjectives as words that denote qualities, colors, shapes, etc. and can function attributively or predicatively. Adjectives can be pre-modified by intensifiers and take comparative and superlative forms. [2] Adverbs are defined as words often used as adverbials or modifiers. Adverbs typically have the suffix "-ly" and can modify adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases, determiners, and noun phrases. [3] Both adjectives and adverbs are further classified according to their syntactic functions and semantic properties. Gradable vs

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    Unit.3 - Adjectives and adverbs (2)

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    This document provides definitions and syntactic features of adjectives and adverbs. [1] It defines adjectives as words that denote qualities, colors, shapes, etc. and can function attributively or predicatively. Adjectives can be pre-modified by intensifiers and take comparative and superlative forms. [2] Adverbs are defined as words often used as adverbials or modifiers. Adverbs typically have the suffix "-ly" and can modify adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases, determiners, and noun phrases. [3] Both adjectives and adverbs are further classified according to their syntactic functions and semantic properties. Gradable vs

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    36 views11 pages

    Unit.3 - Adjectives and Adverbs

    Uploaded by

    Uyển Nhi
    This document provides definitions and syntactic features of adjectives and adverbs. [1] It defines adjectives as words that denote qualities, colors, shapes, etc. and can function attributively or predicatively. Adjectives can be pre-modified by intensifiers and take comparative and superlative forms. [2] Adverbs are defined as words often used as adverbials or modifiers. Adverbs typically have the suffix "-ly" and can modify adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases, determiners, and noun phrases. [3] Both adjectives and adverbs are further classified according to their syntactic functions and semantic properties. Gradable vs

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    of 11

    Unit 4

    Adjectives and adverbs


    Adjectives

    I. Definition: a word/or part of speech


    belonging to open class items which
    generally denote
    - quality: good, hot, little, young, fat, etc.;
    - colour: black, white, etc. or
    - shape: square, round....
    - .....
    II. Syntactic features: 4

    1, Freely occur in an attributive position, i.e. function as pre-


    modifier to a noun :
    - Attributive position:
    determiners adjectives nouns
    some attractive places
    several more clever pupils
    attributive
    - Sometimes, can be postpositive attribute (post-modifier):
    There’s nothing new, but something important.
    I have a house larger than yours.
    2, Freely occur in predicative position, i.e. function as: Cs &
    Co:
    The man seemed old.
    They painted the door blue.
    3, Can be pre-modified by intensifiers : very, quite, rather,..
    The children are very happy.
    This is so difficult.
    4, Can take comparative and superlative forms:
    The children are happier now.
    They are the happiest people.
    Syntactic functions of Adjective

    Modifiers

    Pre modifiers some attractive girls

    Post modifiers the stars visible

    Object Complement They painted the door red.

    Subject Complement He looks tired.

    Head of noun phras e the rich/the poor ...

    Supplementative Adj. Cl. Nervous, the man opened the letter.


    IV. Sub-classification of adjectives

    1, According to syntactic functions:


    - Central adjectives can function both attributively and
    predicatively.
    a hungry man  The man is hungry.
    - Attributive adjectives can be attributive (=modifier) only:
    The political situation...
    My former friend...
    He’s an out and out scoundrel/ an utter fool / a mere boy.
    - Predicative adjectives can be predicative (=complement)
    only.
    He’s afraid to do it.
    Cs
    The doctor made the patient well.
    S V Od Co
    2, According to Semantic functions

    a. Stative/ dynamic:
    - Stative adjectives: It’s a male cat.
    - Dynamic adjectives: It’s an old blue jacket.
    b. Gradable/non-gradable adjectives:
    - Gradable adjectives: can be modified by intensifiers and
    include comparison:
    very young, so plain
    useful - more useful - most useful
    - Non-gradable adjective: principally technical adjectives
    and adjectives denoting provenance
    atomic, British - wonderful, fantastic, perfect

    IV, Comparison of adjs: self-study


    Ex: 68, 69, 70, 74, 75
    Adverbs

    I, Definition: a part of speech belonging to open class


    items, often used as:
    - adverbials: They’re waiting outside.
    He spoke to me about it briefly.
    - modifiers: That was a very funny film.
    She has a really beautiful face.

    II. Characteristics of adverbs:


    - Have the derivational suffix –ly:
    briefly, really, beautifully, historically
    - Be adverbials and modifiers of adjective/ adverb:
    He spoke briefly about it.
    Synta ct ic function o f Adv erb

    As adverbials

    Adjunct They are waiting outside

    Disjunct Frankly, he is honest

    Conjunct They tried, however, they failed


    As modifiers

    of adjective It's extremely good

    of Adverb He play very well

    of prepositional phrase The nail went right through the wall

    of determiner About a week is enough for this job

    of noun phrase He told such a funny story


    As complement of preposition Since then he has not seen her
    IV. Correspondence between adj and adv:

    1. Equivalent instruction:
    He answered the question very well.
    ~ He gave a very good answer to the question.
    It is badly decided.
    ~ It is a bad decision.
    He spoke to John sharply.
    ~ He spoke to John in a sharp manner.
    2. Other regular correspondences:
    He loved her deeply. ~ his deep love for her
    He writes legibly. ~ his legible writing
    a beautiful dancer ~ a dancer who is beautiful
    ~ a person who dances beautifully
    real idiot ~ He is really an idiot
    V, Form of adjectives: self -study
    VI, Comparison of adv: self-study

    Ex: 67, 77, 78

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