Chapter Two

Computer Systems
Jimma University Technology Institute
Faculty of Computing and Informatics
Muluken Yohannis (MSc)
10/15/21 1
Introduction
 Computer System: is a combination of computer
hardware and computer software where each
subsystem has their own unique task to perform to
achieve the goal of computer.
 Components of a Computer System
A. Computer Hardware
B. Computer Software
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 Computer Hardware
 Computer hardware is the physical part of the computer
that you see, the parts you can touch.
 In short , the tangible part of a computer.
 Basic units of Computer Hardware
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Storage Devices
 Mother Board
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 Hardware
•System Unit
•Peripheral Devices

System Unit

Peripheral Devices
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You must Know this parts!

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Input devices
 Input devices are used to enter data into computer.
 The data may be text, audio, video, Image..etc.
 There are different kinds of input devices, but the
most frequently used input devices are keyboard and
mouse.
 Others...Scanner, Microphone, Camera, joy stick,
touch screen.....etc.

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Keyboard
 It is a simple computer input device comprising a set
of alphabetic, numeric, punctuation symbol, control,
and function keys mounted on a board or other flat
surface or control panel.
 When the user depresses a key or a combination of
keys, a coded signal is sent to the computer.

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Keyboard…
Keyboard
 The keys on the keyboard are often classified as
follows:
 Alphanumeric keys - Letters and numbers.
 Punctuation keys - comma, period, semicolon, etc.
 Special keys- function keys, control keys, arrow
keys, caps lock, etc.

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Keyboard…

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Specialty Keyboards
• Laptops Laptop

• PDAs
• Wireless

PDA

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Mouse
 It is a device that controls the movement of the
cursor or pointer on a display screen.
 Mouse can have as many as three buttons whose
function depends on what program is running:
 Left-button: for left click. Example,
selecting text
 Right-button: for right click. Example, see
property of file
 Middle button: for scrolling purpose. This
button is sometimes missing.
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Mouse…
 Mouse  Mouse events/
components mouse
 Left (primary ) & Operations
Right (secondary)  Leftclick
 Right click
 Drag and Drop
 Single and
Double click
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Types of Mouse
 Roller ball mouse
Standard
– Less expensive
– Harder to keep clean
Wireless
 Trackball
– Harder to control
– Stationary on desk Trackball
 Optical mouse Optical

– Needs no mouse pad

– Doesn’t need cleaning
– More expensive

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Other Input Devices
Handheld
• Scanners
– Text
– Images
Flatbed
• Digital cameras
– Images
– Video

Camera Camcorder
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Scanner
 Scanners will convert image on paper to a digital data
that can be manipulated by the computer.
 Scanning the images with light and breaking them
into matrix of dots. Each dot will have a digital code.
The dots are sometimes referred as pixels.

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Input Devices…
 Microphones could be used to enter
sound data.
 Camera could be used to capture image
and video data.

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Output Devices
 Output devices are used to get data out of a computer
so that it can be examined, analyzed or distributed to
others.
 It converts information from machine-understandable
form to a human understandable form.
 Outputs are of two types:
 Softcopy: displayed on monitor, projector
 Hardcopy: printed on paper

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Monitors
 Monitor is the most frequent type of output device.
 Image is displayed on monitors using pattern of lighted
dots.
 Each of these lighted dots is called pixel.
 There are three types of monitor:
 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
 GPD (Gas Plasma display )
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Output Devices...
 The Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 or monitor or screen

 Printers
 dot matrix, daisy wheel, laser printers

 Plotters
 Voice (audio) response unit
 Speaker, headphone
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 Monitor Types
CRT Cathode Ray Tube LCD Liquid Crystal Display
– Less Expensive
– More expensive
– Use much more space – Uses for less space
– Uses more energy – More energy efficient
– Better viewing angles – Less viewable from an angle

GPD Gas Plasma Display

– The most Expensive
– Uses neon gas

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Output devices…
Printers
 Printer is a device that enables us to produce a
hardcopy of data/information.
 Based on the way they print, printers are divided into
two:
 Impact printers
 Non-impact printer

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 Printers…
Printers
Impact printers
 Impact printers transfer printable material onto paper by
striking paper, ribbon, and character together.
 Most of such printers take continuous form of paper.
 The most commonly used impact printers are dot-matrix
printers.
 inexpensive and fast but they don’t produce high quality
output.
Non-Impact Printers
 They print without having a mechanism that strikes a paper.
 They print by spraying ink or by using heat and pressure to fuse
colour powder onto paper.
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 Printers
Impact printers Inkjet
– Dot-matrix
Non-impact printers
•Inkjet Dot-matrix
• Easy to maintain
• For original photography
• Laser
-Cost effective
-Much faster Laser Multifunction
-More reliable
-Print text
-Multifunction
•Specialty printers
– Plotters Thermal printer
Plotter
– Thermal printers 23
Non-impact Printers
 Ink Jet
– Less expensive device
– Full color printing
– Slower in pages per  Laser
minute (PPM) – More expensive device
– More expensive per – Black and White (Color
page in B&W lasers are very expensive)
– Faster in PPM
– Less expensive in B&W

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Output devices…
 Plotters
 Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings
such as bar charts, maps, architectural drawings, and
three-dimensional drawings.
 Can print on large size papers, which most printers
can’t handle.

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Outputting Sound
 Speakers and
Headphones

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Speaker
 Audio sound files input into multimedia PC through a
microphone. Then you can here the output through
speakers.

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 Storage devices
 Store data and programs

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 Primary storage devices

 Is directly accessible to the CPU

 To store data that is likely to be in active use.

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 RAM
 Random access memory
 Volatile: When you turn off your computer, the data is erased
 Several kinds of RAM exist

 Each type of RAM has a different design

 Some types work at much faster speeds

 Some transfer data more quickly

 Stores instructions and data

 Temporary (volatile) storage
 Operates in nanoseconds
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 ROM
 Read only memory (ROM)
 Stores data and programs that are permanently required by the
computer.
 Non-volatile.
 Read only-contents cannot be changed.

 The technological advancement in ROM design has resulted in

three other types of ROM:
 PROM (Programmable ROM)
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
1 Programmable ROM) 31
Secondary Storage Devices
 Not directly accessible by the CPU
 To store data that is not in active use
 Slower than primary storage devices
 Higher storage capacity
 Non-volatile

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 Hard Disk Drive
• Stores data and program
instructions
• Permanent (nonvolatile) storage
• Storage capacities up to 250 GB
and higher
• Transfers data in milliseconds

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Flash Disks

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Floppy disk
 Floppy disk(diskette):
 Magnetic storage medium used with computers.
 Floppy disks are made of flexible plastic coated with a
magnetic material, and are enclosed in a hard plastic
case.

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Floppy disk…
31/2 inch: -can store 1.44MB of data
51/4 inch: -can store 1.2MB of data

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Optical Disks
 Use laser light to read or write data
 DVD, CD
 CD (compact disc)
 Can store up to 700 MB
 Three types
 CD-ROM( compact disk read only memory)
 You can’t write to or erase
 CD-R (compact disk recordable)
 Can be written on once but can’t be erased-WORM (write once
read many)

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Optical Disks…
Disks
 CD-RW –(compact disk rewritable)
 Can write several times
 Can be erased

 DVD- Digital Versatile Disc

 Can store 4GB, 8GB,17GB,…

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 Motherboard
 The motherboard is the main circuit board inside
your PC. Every component at some point
communicates through the motherboard, either
by directly plugging into it or by communicating
through one of the motherboards ports.

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 Ports and Connectors
• A port is a socket used to connect the peripheral
devices to system unit.
Serial ports: Parallel ports:
 Transmits or receives data one bit
 Transfer and receive multiple
at a time. bits of information at a time.
 They are very good to send  They are used for short distance
information over long distance. communication.
 Devices like  Devices such as
 keyboard, mouse, modem,  printers, disk drives, tape
and etc. use serial ports to drives, and etc. used
connect to system unit of parallel ports.
computer.

Parallel port (Printer port)

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 Power Supply Unit (PSU)
• Supplies DC power to the other components in a
computer.
• It converts general-purpose alternating current (AC)
electric power from the mains to low-voltage direct
current (DC) power for the internal components of the
computer.

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 Expansion Cards
• Adds functions
• Provides new connections for peripheral
devices
• Common types:
– Sound
– Modem
– Video (VGA)
– Network (NIC)
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Basic Architecture of Computer
Hardware
CPU

CU ALU

OUTPUT
INPUT DEVICE
DEVICE

RAM

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Central Processing Unit
 CPU is responsible for interpreting and executing most of
the commands from the computer's hardware and
software.
 It is often called the "brain" of the computer.
 Controls all functions of the computer.

*Data and Instruction

Instructions are binary code which the CPU can
understand. Binary code (machine code) is the
mechanism by which PC programs communicate with the
processor.

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 Cont’d….
 Component of CPU
 contains the circuitry for coordinating the machine’s
activities.
 informs the arithmetic/logic unit which registers hold the
data, activates the appropriate circuitry within the
arithmetic/logic unit, and tells the arithmetic/logic unit
which register should receive the result.
 The control group consists of those instructions that direct
the execution of the program rather than the manipulation of
data.(e.g. LOAD,JUMP)

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 Cont’d….
Cont’d
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): it responsible to
performs computation and comparison operations.
 Set of registers: it is responsible to storage locations
that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU.
 Register holds the data that CPU is currently processing
whereas, the memory holds program instruction and data
that the program requires for execution.
 Registers are the high-speed accessible storage elements.
 Registers are the memory locations that are directly
accessible by the processor
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Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway
 Bus
– Electrical pathway used to move data between
components.
– Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory.

– Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with

peripheral devices.

01100010
01001000
01110011
00100111

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Bus
 The communication b/n hardware is done using the bus.
 It serves as road between the hardware parts.
 Three types of bus to communicate with CPU.
 Data Bus: to exchange data back and forth (b/n
Microprocessor and Memory/Input or Output devices)
 Bidirectional
 Address Bus: to exchange location info
-It is a group of wires or lines that are used to transfer the addresses
of Memory or I/O devices.
 Control Bus: to control the flow of data
 to process data, that is what to do with the selected
memory location.
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CPU…
CPU
 Fig Shows Components of Central
Processing Unit

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Computer software
 A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
 Two main types of software
 System software
 Application software

Application Software
System Software
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System Software
 Coordinates instructions between software & hardware
 provides the infrastructure that the application software
requires.
 It makes data movement possible between the memory and
disks and manages the output to display devices
 is an integral part that aids in the computer’s functioning.
 Consists of a program that controls or maintain the operations
of a computer and its devices.
 Includes
– Operating system
– Utility programs
– Language translators
E.g. Windows XP ,MS-DOS, Unix, Linux,…

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Operating System
 Control computer functions:
 A set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate
all the activities among computer hardware resources.
 An interface b/n computer and user
 E.g Start and shutdown a computer
*Automatically update
*Admin security
*Provide user interface(menus and visual images)
Types of Operating System
 Based on the number of programs
– Single tasking OS
– Multi-tasking OS
 Based on the number of users

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 Cont’d…
 Provides user interface
 Manages the CPU
 Manages memory
 Manages hardware
 Coordinates application
software with the CPU

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 The User Interface
 Enables you to interact with
Command-line
the computer
 Types of interfaces:
 Command-driven interface
Menu-driven
 Menu-driven interface
 Graphical user interface
Graphical

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 System Utility
 Allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks.
 Antivirus
E.g. File manager utility, search utility
 Consists of software units that extend the capabilities
of the operating system.
*The ability to format a magnetic disk or to
copy a file from a magnetic disk to a CD.
*software to compress and decompress data

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Language Translators
 Translate programs to machine code.
 Three types of translators
 Assemblers(convert assembly language code into machine
code.)
 Compiler(convert high level languages (like C, C++ ) into
machine code )
 Interpreter( computer program which executes  a statement
directly (at runtime))

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Application Software
 subset of system software with the ability to employ certain
computer functions directly as per user requirements.
 is created for users. They manage their specific tasks to suit
their needs like a media player of word processors.
*User specific software like animations, graphics
– Productivity software
– Specialty software
– Entertainment Software
– Educational and Reference Software
– Personal Software
– E.g. Ms-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-Access, Windows Media Player, Ms-
Paint,…

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Productivity Software
Programs that enable you to perform tasks required in
home, school, and business
Word processing programs
Spreadsheet programs
Presentation programs

Database programs
Personal information manager programs

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Word Processing Software
 Used to create and edit
written documents
 Features include
 Quick and easy editing
 Variety of formatting options
 Graphics
 Templates
 Examples
 Corel Word Perfect
 Microsoft Word

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 Spreadsheet Software
 Used to perform calculations
and numerical analyses
 Features include
 Worksheets with cells
 Values, formulas, and
functions
 Automatic recalculation
 Examples
 Lotus 1-2-3
 Microsoft Excel

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Presentation Software
 Used to create slide shows
 Features include
 Templates and layouts
 Different views
 Examples
 Corel Presentations
 Microsoft PowerPoint

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Question & Answer

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 Thank you!

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