Analysis of Structures

ENGR. ROEL P. BACUD, ME-CE

Analysis of Structures
 In the previous chapter, we analyzed the internal
forces acting in several types of structures—
namely, trusses, frames, and machines.
 The analysis of trusses, frames and machines,
and beams under concentrated loads constitutes
a straightforward application of the material
developed in the previous two chapters. The
basic procedure developed in equilibrium of
rigid bodies for isolating a body by constructing
a correct free-body diagram is essential for the
analysis of statically determinate structures.
TRUSSES
 A framework composed of members joined at
their ends to form a rigid structure is called a
truss. Bridges, roof supports, derricks, and
other such structures are common examples
of trusses.
 When the members of the truss lie essentially

in a single plane, the truss is called a plane

truss.
Kinds of trusses
Kinds of trusses
Simple Truss
 If three members are pin connected at their
ends, they form a triangular truss that will be
rigid .
 Attaching two more members and connecting

these members to a new joint D forms a

larger truss. This procedure can be repeated
as many times as desired to form an even
larger truss. If a truss can be constructed by
expanding the basic triangular truss in this
way, it is called a simple truss .
Complex Trusses
DETERMINACY STABILITY
 b + r = 2j statically  b + r < 2j unstable
 b + r 2j unstable if
determinate
 b + r > 2j statically truss support reactions
indeterminate are concurrent or
parallel or if some of
the components of the
truss form a collapsible
mechanism
Assumptions for Design.
To design both the members and the
connections of a truss, it is necessary first to
determine the force developed in each
member when the truss is subjected to a
given loading. To do this we will make two
important assumptions:
Assumptions for Design.
 All loadings are applied at the joints. In most
situations, such as for bridge and roof
trusses, this assumption is true. Frequently
the weight of the members is neglected
because the force supported by each member
is usually much larger than its weight.
However, if the weight is to be included in the
analysis, it is generally satisfactory to apply it
as a vertical force, with half of its magnitude
applied at each end of the member.
Assumptions for Design.
 The members are joined together by smooth
pins.The joint connections are usually formed
by bolting or welding the ends of the
members to a common plate, called a gusset
plate , as shown in Fig.1, or by simply
passing a large bolt or pin through each of
the members, Fig. 2.
 Although these assumptions may appear to
oversimplify the real situation, they lead to
results that are adequate in most
applications. Using the assumptions, the
free-body diagram for any member of a truss
will contain only two forces—the forces
exerted on the member by the pin at each
end. Therefore, each member of a truss is a
two-force body
 When dealing with the internal force in a
two-force body, engineers commonly
distinguish between tension and
compression. Tensile forces elongate
(stretch) the member, whereas
compressive forces compress (shorten)
it. Because the forces act along the
longitudinal axis of the member, they are
often called axial forces. Note that
internal forces always occur as equal and
opposite pairs on the two faces of an
internal cross section
 The two common techniques for computing
the internal forces in a truss are the method
of joints and the method of sections, each
Method of joints
Methods of Joints
 In order to analyze or design a truss, it is
necessary to determine the force in each of
its members. One way to do this is to use the
method of joints. This method is based on
the fact that if the entire truss is in
equilibrium, then each of its joints is also in
equilibrium
Methods of Joints
 Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each
joint is drawn, the force equilibrium
equations can then be used to obtain the
member forces acting on each joint. Since the
members of a plane truss are straight two-
force members lying in a single plane, each
joint is subjected to a force system that is
coplanar and concurrent .
Methods of Joints
 Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each
joint is drawn, the force equilibrium
equations can then be used to obtain the
member forces acting on each joint. Since the
members of a plane truss are straight two-
force members lying in a single plane, each
joint is subjected to a force system that is
coplanar and concurrent . As a result, only
ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0 needs to be satisfied for
equilibrium.
Methods of Joints
Note: all triangles are equilateral
Determine forces of member CH
Method of SECTION
 Truss analysis by the method of joints is based
on the FBDs of individual joints. Analyzing the
free-body diagram of a part of a truss that
contains two or more joints is called the method
of sections. The FBD for a single joint results in a
concurrent, coplanar force system (two
independent equilibrium equations).
When applying the method of sections, the force
system will generally be nonconcurrent, coplanar
(three independent equilibrium equations).
 In the method of sections, a part of the truss
is isolated on an FBD so that it exposes the
forces to be computed. If the FBD for the
isolated portion contains three unknowns, all
of them can usually be computed from the
three available equilibrium equations.
Using the method of
sections, determine
the forces in the
following members of
the truss in Fig. (a): FI
and JC. Indicate
tension or
compression.
Determine
the forces
in members
AC, AD,
and DE.
Determine
the forces
in members
GI, FH, and
GH..
SEATWORK:
1.Compute the forces
in members CD and
JK, given that P
=3000 lb and
Q=1000
2. Determine the reactions and forces of each of
the members indicate if compression or tension.