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    Grading and Staging of Tumors

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    Jahanzaib Bashir
    Tumor grade describes how abnormal tumor cells appear under a microscope and indicates how quickly a tumor may grow and spread. A pathologist examines biopsied tumor tissue to determine grade based on cell differentiation. Generally, well-differentiated tumors are low grade while poorly differentiated tumors are high grade. Tumor staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases.

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    Grading and Staging of Tumors

    Uploaded by

    Jahanzaib Bashir
    71 views11 pages
    Tumor grade describes how abnormal tumor cells appear under a microscope and indicates how quickly a tumor may grow and spread. A pathologist examines biopsied tumor tissue to determine grade based on cell differentiation. Generally, well-differentiated tumors are low grade while poorly differentiated tumors are high grade. Tumor staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases.

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    Tumor grade describes how abnormal tumor cells appear under a microscope and indicates how quickly a tumor may grow and spread. A pathologist examines biopsied tumor tissue to determine grade based on cell differentiation. Generally, well-differentiated tumors are low grade while poorly differentiated tumors are high grade. Tumor staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    71 views11 pages

    Grading and Staging of Tumors

    Uploaded by

    Jahanzaib Bashir
    Tumor grade describes how abnormal tumor cells appear under a microscope and indicates how quickly a tumor may grow and spread. A pathologist examines biopsied tumor tissue to determine grade based on cell differentiation. Generally, well-differentiated tumors are low grade while poorly differentiated tumors are high grade. Tumor staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Grading and Staging of

    Tumors
    DR ALIYA ZAMAN
    Grading
    Tumor grade is the description of a tumor based on how
    abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a
    microscope.
    The degree of differentiation of the tumor cells
    It is an indicator of how quickly a tumor is likely to grow
    and spread
     “well-differentiated .” These tumors tend to grow and
    spread at a slower rate
     “undifferentiated” or “poorly differentiated,” which have
    abnormal-looking cells and may lack normal tissue
    structures
    How is tumor grade determined?
    If a tumor is suspected to be malignant, a doctor
    removes all or part of it during a procedure called a 
    biopsy.
    A pathologist (a doctor who identifies diseases by
    studying cells and tissues under a microscope) then
    examines the biopsied tissue to determine whether the
    tumor is benign or malignant.

    The pathologist also determines the tumor’s grade and


    identifies other characteristics of the tumor.
    If a grading system for a tumor type is not
    specified, the following system is generally used
    GX: Grade cannot be assessed (undetermined grade)

    G1: Well differentiated (low grade)

    G2: Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)

    G3: Poorly differentiated (high grade)

    G4: Undifferentiated (high grade)
    STAGING
    The staging of solid cancers is based on

    the size of the primary lesion,


    its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
     the presence or absence of blood borne metastases

     The major staging system currently in use is the


    American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging (TNM )
    system
     American Joint Committee on Cancer
    (AJCC) TNM system. 
    has both clinical and pathologic staging systems for
    breast cancer
    The pathologic stage (also called the surgical stage)
    is determined by examining tissue removed during an
    operation.
    If surgery is not possible right away or at all, the cancer
    will be given a clinical stage instead. This is based on
    the results of a physical exam, biopsy, and imaging
    tests. The clinical stage is used to help plan treatment.
    TNM STAGING
    T for primary tumor
    N for regional lymph node involvement
    M for metastases.
    TNM staging varies for specific forms of cancer, but there are general
    principles.
     The primary lesion is characterized as T1 to T4 based on increasing size.
     T0 is used to indicate an in situ lesion.
     N0 would mean no nodal involvement
     N1 to N3 would denote involvement of an increasing number and range
    of nodes.
     M0 signifies no distant metastases,
     whereas M1 or sometimes M2 indicates the presence of metastases and
    some judgment as to their number.

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