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Fundamental Forces in Nature: Presented By, Harsh Salunkhe Xi Science

This document presents information about the four fundamental forces in nature: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. It provides details about each force, including that gravitational force is responsible for attraction between objects with mass, electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together, strong nuclear force binds nuclei of atoms against repulsive forces, and weak nuclear force is responsible for particle decay through exchange of W and Z bosons. The document also acknowledges help from the presenter's teacher and parents.

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Harsh Salunkhe
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132 views11 pages

Fundamental Forces in Nature: Presented By, Harsh Salunkhe Xi Science

This document presents information about the four fundamental forces in nature: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. It provides details about each force, including that gravitational force is responsible for attraction between objects with mass, electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together, strong nuclear force binds nuclei of atoms against repulsive forces, and weak nuclear force is responsible for particle decay through exchange of W and Z bosons. The document also acknowledges help from the presenter's teacher and parents.

Uploaded by

Harsh Salunkhe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTAL

FORCES
IN NATURE

P R E S E N T E D B Y,

HARSH SALUNKHE

XI SCIENCE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher, Sapna More as well as our
principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic,
‘Fundamental Forces in Nature’ which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to
know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
INDEX
WHAT IS A FORCE

FUNDAMENTAL FORCE

GRAVITAIONAL FORCE

ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE

WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS A
FORCE
Push or pull of an object is considered a force.
Push and pull come from the objects interacting
with one another. Terms like stretch and squeeze
can also be used to denote force.

In Physics, force is defined as:

The push or pull on an object with mass that


causes it to change its velocity.

Force is an external agent capable of changing


the state of rest or motion of a particular body. It
has a magnitude and a direction. The direction
towards which the force is applied is known as
the direction of the force and the application of
force is the point where force is applied.
FUNDAMENTAL
FORCES

A force can be defined as the push or pull


on an object that causes it to change its
state of rest or uniform motion. There are
four fundamental forces in nature which
are Gravitational force, Strong force,
Weak force and Electromagnetic force.
These forces prevent the drifting of
matter in the universe and helps keep it
together.
GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE
Gravity is the attraction between two objects that have mass or
energy, whether this is seen in dropping a rock from a bridge, a
planet orbiting a star or the moon causing ocean tides. Gravity is
probably the most intuitive and familiar of the fundamental
forces, but it's also been one of the most challenging to explain.

Isaac Newton was the first to propose the idea of gravity,


supposedly inspired by an apple falling from a tree. He
described gravity as a literal attraction between two objects.
Centuries later, Albert Einstein suggested, through his theory of
general relativity, that gravity is not an attraction or a force.
Instead, it's a consequence of objects bending space-time. A
large object works on space-time a bit like how a large ball
placed in the middle of a sheet affects that material, deforming it
and causing other, smaller objects on the sheet to fall toward the
middle.

Though gravity holds planets, stars, solar systems and even


galaxies together, it turns out to be the weakest of the
fundamental forces, especially at the molecular and atomic
scales. Think of it this way: How hard is it to lift a ball off the
ground? Or to lift your foot? Or to jump? All of those actions
are counteracting the gravity of the entire Earth. And at the
molecular and atomic levels, gravity has almost no effect
relative to the other fundamental forces.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FORCE
One of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic
force manifests itself through the forces between charges
(Coulomb's Law) and the magnetic force, both of which are
summarized in the Lorentz force law. Fundamentally, both
magnetic and electric forces are manifestations of an
exchange force involving the exchange of photons. The
quantum approach to the electromagnetic force is called
quantum electrodynamics or QED. The electromagnetic
force is a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse
square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force.

The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules


together. In fact, the forces of electric attraction and
repulsion of electric charges are so dominant over the other
three fundamental forces that they can be considered to be
negligible as determiners of atomic and molecular structure.
Even magnetic effects are usually apparent only at high
resolutions, and as small corrections.
STRONG
NUCLEAR FORCE
A force which can hold a nucleus together against the enormous
forces of repulsion of the protons is strong indeed. However, it is
not an inverse square force like the electromagnetic force and it
has a very short range. Yukawa modeled the strong force as an
exchange force in which the exchange particles are pions and
other heavier particles. The range of a particle exchange force is
limited by the uncertainty principle. It is the strongest of the four
fundamental forces.

Since the protons and neutrons which make up the nucleus are
themselves considered to be made up of quarks, and the quarks
are considered to be held together by the color force, the strong
force between nucleons may be considered to be a residual color
force. In the standard model, therefore, the basic exchange
particle is the gluon which mediates the forces between quarks.
Since the individual gluons and quarks are contained within the
proton or neutron, the masses attributed to them cannot be used
in the range relationship to predict the range of the force. When
something is viewed as emerging from a proton or neutron, then
it must be at least a quark-antiquark pair, so it is then plausible
that the pion as the lightest meson should serve as a predictor of
the maximum range of the strong force between nucleons.
WEAK NUCLEAR
FORCE
The weak force, also called the weak nuclear interaction, is
responsible for particle decay. This is the literal change of one
type of subatomic particle into another. So, for example, a
neutrino that strays close to a neutron can turn the neutron into a
proton while the neutrino becomes an electron.

Physicists describe this interaction through the exchange of


force-carrying particles called bosons. Specific kinds of bosons
are responsible for the weak force, electromagnetic force and
strong force. In the weak force, the bosons are charged particles
called W and Z bosons. When subatomic particles such as
protons, neutrons and electrons come within 10^-18 meters, or
0.1% of the diameter of a proton, of one another, they can
exchange these bosons. As a result, the subatomic particles
decay into new particles.

The weak force is critical for the nuclear fusion reactions that
power the sun and produce the energy needed for most life forms
here on Earth. It's also why archaeologists can use carbon-14 to
date ancient bone, wood and other formerly living artifacts.
Carbon-14 has six protons and eight neutrons; one of those
neutrons decays into a proton to make nitrogen-14, which has
seven protons and seven neutrons. This decay happens at a
predictable rate, allowing scientists to determine how old such
artifacts are.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com

www.space.com

www.wikilectures.eu

NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK CLASS XI


THANK YOU

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