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Dna Computing: Soumya.M Roll No:50

This document discusses DNA computing, which uses DNA molecules to perform computations. It begins by introducing DNA computing and its inventor Leonard Adleman. It then explains what DNA is and how DNA's properties like dense information storage and parallelism make it well-suited for computation. The document discusses how DNA was used to solve the Hamiltonian Path Problem and provides examples of other problems DNA computing could potentially solve more efficiently than traditional computers like the Traveling Salesman Problem. It also covers DNA computing algorithms, advantages and disadvantages compared to electronic computers, sources of errors, and potential applications.

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211 views24 pages

Dna Computing: Soumya.M Roll No:50

This document discusses DNA computing, which uses DNA molecules to perform computations. It begins by introducing DNA computing and its inventor Leonard Adleman. It then explains what DNA is and how DNA's properties like dense information storage and parallelism make it well-suited for computation. The document discusses how DNA was used to solve the Hamiltonian Path Problem and provides examples of other problems DNA computing could potentially solve more efficiently than traditional computers like the Traveling Salesman Problem. It also covers DNA computing algorithms, advantages and disadvantages compared to electronic computers, sources of errors, and potential applications.

Uploaded by

VinayKumarSingh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

DNA COMPUTING

Soumya.M
Roll No:50
Introduction

 Ever wondered where we would find the new


material needed to build the next generation of
microprocessors????
HUMAN BODY (including yours!)…….DNA
computing.
 “Computation using DNA” but not “computation
on DNA”
 Dr. Leonard Adleman is often called “The inventor
of DNA Computers”.
2
What is a DNA?

A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in


the cells.
DNA is composed of A (Adenine), C (Cytosine),
G (Guanine) and T (Thymine)

3
DNA MEMORY
A DNA string can be viewed as a memory resource to
save info:
 4 types of units (A,C,G,T)
 Complementary units: A-T,C-G

4
Uniqueness of DNA

Why is DNA a Unique Computational Element???

 Extremely dense information storage.

 Enormous parallelism.

5
Dense Information Storage
This image shows 1 gram of
DNA on a CD. The CD can hold
800 MB of data.

The 1 gram of DNA can hold


about 1x1014 MB of data.

6
DNA Computing

It can be defined as the use of biological molecules,

primarily DNA , to solve computational problems

that are adapted to this new biological format

7
Computers Vs DNA computing

DNA based Computers Microchip based Computers

 Slow at Single Operations  Fast at Single Operations


(Fast CPUs)
 Able to simultaneously perform  Can do substantially fewer
Millions of operations operations simultaneously

 Huge storage capacity  Smaller capacity

 Require considerable  Immediate setup


preparations before

8
Why do we investigate about “other”
computers?
 Certain types of problems (learning, pattern
recognition, fault-tolerant system, large set searches,
cost optimization) are intrinsically very difficult to
solve with current computers and algorithms

 NP problems: We do not know any algorithm that


solves them in a polynomial time  all of the current
solutions run in a amount of time proportional to an
exponential function of the size of the problem

9
Adleman’s solution of the Hamiltonian
Directed Path Problem(HDPP).

I believe things like DNA computing will eventually


lead the way to a “molecular revolution,” which
ultimately will have a very dramatic effect on the
world. – L. Adleman
An example of NP-problem: the Traveling
Salesman Problem

 TSP: A salesman must go from the city A to the city


Z, visiting other cities in the meantime. Some of the
cities are linked by plane. Is it any path from A to Z
only visiting each city once?

11
An example of NP-problem: the
Traveling Salesman Problem
w Code each city (node) as an 8 unit DNA string

w Code each permitted link with 8 unit DNA strings

w Generate random paths between N cities (exponential)

w Identify the paths starting at A and ending at Z

w Keep only the correct paths (size, hamiltonian)

12
Coding the paths
(Hybridization and ligation between city molecules and intercity link molecules)

1, Atlanta – Boston:
ACTTGCAGTCGGACTG
|||||||| Solution A+B+C+D:
CGTCAGCC
R:(GCAGTCGG)
ACTTGCAGTCGGACTGGGCTATGTCCGAGCAA
2,(A+B)+Chicago:
ACTTGCAGTCGGACTGGGCTATGT
||||||||
TGACCCGA R:(ACTGGGCT) 13
Filter the correct solutions

1.Identify the paths starting at A and ending at Z


 PCR for identifying sequences starting with the last nucleotides of A and
ending at the first nucleotides of Z
2. Keep only the paths with N cities (N=number of cities)
 Gel electrophoresis
3. Keep only those paths with all of the cities (once)
 Antibody bead separation with each vertex (city)

The sequences passing all of the steps are the solutions

14
Algorithm

1.Generate Random paths


2.From all paths created in step 1, keep only those that
start at s and end at t.
3.From all remaining paths, keep only those that visit
exactly n vertices.
4.From all remaining paths, keep only those that visit
each vertex at least once.
5.if any path remains, return “yes”;otherwise, return
“no”.
15
DNA Vs Electronic computers

 At Present,NOT competitive with the state-of-


the-art algorithms on electronic computers
 Only small instances of HDPP can be
solved.Reason?..for n vertices, we require 2^n
molecules.
 Time consuming laboratory procedures.
 No universal method of data representation.

16
Advantages

 Ample supply of raw materials.

 No toxic by-products.

 Smaller compared to silicon chips.

 Efficiency in parallel computation.


17
Disadvantages

 Time consuming.

 Occasionally slower.

 Reliability.

 Human Assistance.
Danger of Errors possible

 Assuming that the operations used by Adleman


model are perfect is not true.
 Biological Operations performed during the

algorithm are susceptible to error

 Errors take place during the manipulation of


DNA strands. Most dangerous operations:
 The operation of Extraction

 Undesired annealings.

19
Error Restrictions

 DNA computing involves a relatively large


amount of error.

 As size of problem grows, probability of


receiving incorrect answer eventually
becomes greater than probability of receiving
correct answer

20
Applications

 Satisfiability and Boolean Operations


 Finite State Machines
 Road Coloring
 DNA Chip
 Solving NP-hard problems
 Turing Machine
 Boolean Circuits
21
Conclusion

 DNA Computing uses DNA molecules to


computing methods
 DNA Computing is a Massive Parallel
Computing because of DNA molecules
 Someday, DNA Computer will replace the
silicon-based electrical computer

22
Future!

It will take years to develop a practical,


workable DNA computer.

But…Let’s all hope that this DREAM comes


true!!!

23
THANK YOU

24

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