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165 views23 pages

Final

Uploaded by

Syed Munawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Page 1
SUBJECT: Qualitative Research Methods

PRESENTED TO:
Sir Dr. Pervaiz Mughal

PRESENTED BY:
Syed Munawar Abbas

ROLL NO: 105


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Page 2
Why and How Do Employees Break
and Bend Confidential Information
Protection Rules?
BY: David Hannah, Kristen Robertson

Journal: Journal of Management Studies


Published Year: December 2014
Impact Factor: 4.26

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Scope
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Data Analysis
• Findings
• Conclusion
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Page 4
SCOPE

The purpose of this paper is to explore why


and how employees in two high-tech
organizations often broke or bent rules
designed to protect their employers’
confidential information (CI).

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KEYWORDS

• Confidential information protection

• Rule bending

• Rule following

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INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

• “Rules, however, are only effective when


employees actually comply with their
requirements, and companies that cannot
persuade employees to follow rules may struggle
to survive and thrive.” (Ostroff and Schmitt; Tyler)

• Apple Inc. strives hard to ensure that employees


comply with rules regarding the protection of
confidential information.
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INTRODUCTION

• This research aims to understand

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Rule Following in Organizations

Definition:

“Rules can be defined as ‘explicit or implicit


norms, regulations, and expectations that
regulate the behavior of individuals and
interactions among them,” (March et al)

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Rule Following in Organizations

• The two key approaches in understanding


rule following behavior are identified: the
command-and-control approach, and the self-
regulatory approach.
 The command-and-control approach assumes an economic
view of human behavior in which people attempt to maximize
the benefits and minimize the costs of their actions.

 The self-regulatory perspective suggests that individuals may


regulate their own conduct by choosing to follow rules
regardless of potential rewards or punishments.
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Confidential Information and Its
Protection (cont…)
Definition:

CI is defined as information that is not


publicly available and that confers a
competitive advantage to the organizations
that possess it (Burshtein)

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Confidential Information and Its
Protection
• CI protection rules are designed to preserve the
competitive advantage by

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METHODOLOGY

• In order to elaborate the theory, a qualitative


case study approach was adopted.

• Two organizations, scientific and technical,


were selected for this purpose.

• 55 semi-structured interviews were


conducted with employees in these two firms
(24 at Scientific and 31 at Technical).
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DATA ANALYSIS

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FINDINGS (CONT…)

• The CI protection regimes at both Scientific


and Technical consisted of many different
rules.
 Identification badge (Technical and Scientific)
 Signing of NDA (Technical and Scientific)
 USB ban (Technical)
 Information system (‘Sharp’) access restrictions (Technical)
 CI sharing restrictions (Technical and Scientific)
 Publication restrictions (Scientific)

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Employee
Form of CI tension
response to CI
Rule Description caused by the rule
tension
Identification badge Employees are required to wear badges None None (no tension)
(Technical and with their photo and
Scientific) identifying information at all times when
inside the company’s buildings.
Signing of NDA Employees are required to sign a non- None None (no tension)
(Technical and disclosure agreement that prohibits
Scientific) unauthorized disclosures of
confidential information as a condition
of employment.
USB ban (Technical) Employees are not permitted to use Obstruction Shortcutting,
USBs or other portable memory conspiring
devices to transport data within or
outside the organization.
Information system Employees can only access documents Obstruction, Conspiring
(‘Sharp’) access in the information system that pertain knowledge networks
directly to their line of work without
restrictions (Technical)
following a series of steps to obtain
formal access permission.

CI sharing restrictions Employees are not permitted to share Knowledge networks Selectively
(Technical and confidential information with outsiders disclosing
unless granted express permission
Scientific)
from the legal department or top
management.
Publication restrictions EmployeesPowerpoint
cannot publishTemplates
the results of Identity Objecting exiting
research conducted at the organization Page 18
(Scientific)
FINDINGS (CONT…)

CI Rule Interconnectedness

•The CI rules at Technical and Scientific were


interconnected with other organizational activities.

•In some cases, in order for employees to comply with


CI rules, they had to compromise on an activity that
they believed was an important part of their work.

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FINDINGS (CONT…)

CI Rule Tensions
•When employees did feel they had to choose
between compliance with CI rules and achieving other
aims this is stated as CI rule tension.

•There are three types of rule tensions:


 Obstruction tension
 Knowledge network tension
 Identity tension

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FINDINGS
Resolving Rule Tension: Breaking or Bending CI
Rules
•Employees chose to break or bend CI rules in three
ways:
 Shortcutting
 Conspiring
 Selectively Disclosing

•Employees comply with rules in spite of rule tension by:


 Tolerating
 Objecting
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