Heat Transfer

by
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Pervez Mughal

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 Basics
• What are the physical mechanisms associated
with heat transfer by conduction, convection
and radiation?
• What is the driving potential for heat transfer?
• What are analogs to this potential and to heat
transfer itself for the transport of electric
charge?

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 Basics
• What is the difference between a heat flux and
a heat rate? What are their units?
• What is a temperature gradient? What are its
units? What is the relationship of heat flow to a
temperature gradient?
• What is the thermal conductivity? What are its
units? What role does it play in heat transfer?

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 Basics
• What is Fourier’s law ?
• If heat transfer by conduction through a
medium occurs under steady-state conditions,
will the temperature at a particular instant vary
with location in the medium?
• Will the temperature at a particular location
vary with time?

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 Basics
• What is the difference between natural
convection and forced convection?
• What conditions are necessary for the
development of a hydrodynamic boundary
layer?
• A thermal boundary layer?
• What varies across a hydrodynamic boundary
layer? Across a thermal boundary layer?
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 Basics
• If convection heat transfer for flow of a liquid
or a vapor is not characterized by liquid/vapor
phase change, what is the nature of the energy
being transferred?
• What is it if there is such a phase change?
• What is Newton’s law of cooling?
• What role is played by the convection heat
transfer coefficient in Newton’s law of cooling?
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 Basics
• What effect does convection heat transfer from or
to a surface have on the solid bounded by the
surface?
• What is predicted by the Stefan–Boltzmann law,
and what unit of temperature must be used with the
law?
• What is the emissivity, and what role does it play in
characterizing radiation transfer at a surface?
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 Basics
• What is irradiation? What are its units?
• What two outcomes characterize the response of an
opaque surface to incident radiation?
• Which outcome affects the thermal energy of the
medium bounded by the surface and how? What
property characterizes this outcome?
• What conditions are associated with use of the
radiation heat transfer coefficient?
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 Basics
• What conditions are associated with use of the radiation heat transfer
coefficient ?
• Can you write the equation used to express net radiation exchange
between a small isothermal surface and a large isothermal enclosure?
• Consider the surface of a solid that is at an elevated temperature and
exposed to cooler surroundings. By what mode(s) is heat transferred
from the surface if
(1) it is in intimate(perfect) contact with another solid,
(2) it is exposed to the flow of a liquid,
(3) it is exposed to the flow of a gas, and
(4) it is in an evacuated chamber?
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 Basics
• What is the inherent difference between the application
of conservation of energy over a time interval and at an
instant of time?
• What is thermal energy storage? How does it differ from
thermal energy generation?
• What role do the terms play in a surface energy balance?

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 Heat Transfer
Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due to a
spatial temperature difference.

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Conduction

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Convection

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Convection

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Radiation

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 Energy Balance
The increase in the amount of thermal and mechanical energy
stored in the control volume must equal the amount of thermal and
mechanical energy that enters the control volume, minus the
amount of thermal and mechanical energy that leaves the control
volume, plus the amount of thermal and mechanical energy that is
generated within the control volume.

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 Energy Balance
The rate of increase of thermal and mechanical energy stored in the
control volume must equal the rate at which thermal and
mechanical energy enters the control volume, minus the rate at
which thermal and mechanical energy leaves the control volume,
plus the rate at which thermal and mechanical energy is generated
within the control volume.

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Energy Balance Open Systems

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The Surface Energy Balance
The energy balance for conservation
of energy at the surface of a medium.

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Application of the Conservation Laws: Methodology
1. The appropriate control volume must be defined, with the
control surfaces represented by a dashed line or lines.
2. The appropriate time basis must be identified.
3. The relevant energy processes must be identified, and each
process should be shown on the control volume by an
appropriately labeled arrow.
4. The conservation equation must then be written, and
appropriate rate expressions must be substituted for the
relevant terms in the equation.
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Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology
1. Known: After carefully reading the problem, state briefly and
concisely what is known about the problem. Do not repeat the
problem statement.
2. Find: State briefly and concisely what must be found.
3. Schematic: Draw a schematic of the physical system. If application
of the conservation laws is anticipated, represent the required
control surface or surfaces by dashed lines on the schematic.
Identify relevant heat transfer processes by appropriately labeled
arrows on the schematic.
4. Assumptions: List all pertinent simplifying assumptions.

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Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology

5. Properties: Compile property values needed for subsequent

calculations and identify the source from which they are obtained.
6. Analysis: Begin your analysis by applying appropriate conservation
laws, and introduce rate equations as needed. Develop the analysis as
completely as possible before substituting numerical values. Perform
the calculations needed to obtain the desired results.
7. Comments: Discuss your results. Such a discussion may include a
summary of key conclusions, a critique of the original assumptions,
and an inference of trends obtained by performing additional what-if
and parameter sensitivity calculations.
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Heat Transfer Relevance

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Heat Transfer Relevance

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Heat Transfer Relevance

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Heat Transfer Relevance

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