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    Stealth Technology IN Aircraft

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    ashsha1989
    Stealth technology uses complex designs and materials to make aircraft harder to detect by radar and other sensors. It employs flat surfaces, special coatings, and shapes to reduce visibility in the visual, infrared, and radio frequency spectrums. The first stealth aircraft were the U.S. F-117 Nighthawk in the 1980s and B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. They accomplished missions with little risk of detection during the Gulf War of 1991. While effective, stealth aircraft have limitations including reduced payload and higher costs compared to conventional aircraft.

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    Stealth Technology IN Aircraft

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    ashsha1989
    370 views32 pages
    Stealth technology uses complex designs and materials to make aircraft harder to detect by radar and other sensors. It employs flat surfaces, special coatings, and shapes to reduce visibility in the visual, infrared, and radio frequency spectrums. The first stealth aircraft were the U.S. F-117 Nighthawk in the 1980s and B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. They accomplished missions with little risk of detection during the Gulf War of 1991. While effective, stealth aircraft have limitations including reduced payload and higher costs compared to conventional aircraft.

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    Stealth technology uses complex designs and materials to make aircraft harder to detect by radar and other sensors. It employs flat surfaces, special coatings, and shapes to reduce visibility in the visual, infrared, and radio frequency spectrums. The first stealth aircraft were the U.S. F-117 Nighthawk in the 1980s and B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. They accomplished missions with little risk of detection during the Gulf War of 1991. While effective, stealth aircraft have limitations including reduced payload and higher costs compared to conventional aircraft.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    370 views32 pages

    Stealth Technology IN Aircraft

    Uploaded by

    ashsha1989
    Stealth technology uses complex designs and materials to make aircraft harder to detect by radar and other sensors. It employs flat surfaces, special coatings, and shapes to reduce visibility in the visual, infrared, and radio frequency spectrums. The first stealth aircraft were the U.S. F-117 Nighthawk in the 1980s and B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. They accomplished missions with little risk of detection during the Gulf War of 1991. While effective, stealth aircraft have limitations including reduced payload and higher costs compared to conventional aircraft.

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    of 32

    STEALTH TECHNOLOGY

    IN
    AIRCRAFT
    BRIEFING ABOUT THE
    TECHNOLOGY

    ealth aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to


    ake it harder to be detected by radar and other means than
    onventional aircraft by employing a combination of features
    reduce visibility in the visual, audio, infrared and radio
    equency (RF) spectrum. Well known examples include the
    nited States' F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008), the B-2 Spirit
    tealth Bomber," and the F-22 Raptor.
    Stealth is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy
    to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track
    and attack an aircraft .

    Modern stealth aircraft first became possible when a


    mathematician working for Lockheed Aircraft during the 1970s
    adopted a mathematical model developed by Petr Ufimtsev, a
    Russian scientist, to develop a computer program called Echo 1.
    Principles Of Radar
    Echo made it possible to
    predict the radar signature an
    aircraft
    made with flat panels, called
    facets. Doppler shift is second
    principle of radar.
    Echo can be considered as a
    wave bouncing off the surface This can b used to detect
    and the speed of target
    coming back to source. approaching..
    This principle can be used to
    detect time and distance of
    educed radar cross section is only one of five factors that
    esigners addressed to create a truly stealthy design. Designers
    lso addressed making the aircraft less visible to the naked eye,
    ontrolling radio transmissions, and noise abatement.

    he first combat use of stealth aircraft was in December 1989


    uring Operation Just Cause in Panama. In 1991, F-117s were
    asked with attacking the most heavily fortified targets in Iraq
    and were the only jets allowed to operate inside Baghdad's
    ity limits
    Attention towards these aircrafts is made after persian war
    II ,91
    Night-enhanced images of the otherworldly-shapedF-117s
    taking off in the night and striking high-value targets with
    scarcely believable precision and seeming invulnerability
    to thick air defences were widely televised and etched in
    the memories of TV viewers worldwide.

    Loss of at least one F-117 in Kosovo, has peeled off some


    of the mythical cloak surrounding stealth.
    Different technologies
    and strategies for
    STEALTH

    n Rich, the leader of the Lockheed team that designed the F-117,
    s stated:
    stealth aircraft has to be stealthy in six disciplines: radar,
    frared, visual, acoustic, smoke and contrail. If you don't do that, y
    nk the course."
    ent technologies and strategies for stealth are the province
    d, naval and underwater forces.
    derwater warfare will naturally hand dominance to the acoustic
    ectrum
    d combat will emphasize visual, infra-red and acoustic
    natures.
    dar and (to a lesser extent) infrared bands dominate the scene of
    space surveillance, and so they have to be given higher priority
    en thinking the applications in air warfare.
    Signature Of A Vehicle

    e signature can be stated as any activity or radiation or characteris


    he body that help to revile its presence at a particular point.

    servability of an object on detection system can b called as signa


    vehicle.

    detection methods used either in military or civil applications us


    nature of body as reference to detect that object.
    RADAR REFLECTIVITY

    radar systems, from an AWACS to police speed radar, work in th


    me principle :
    A certain amount of electromagnetic energy
    ansmitted through a directional antenna, which focuses it into a
    ical beam. When a reflective target blocks part of the beam, that
    of the beam is reflected in many different directions, or "scattere
    he scattering is fairly random, as is usually the case, some energy
    be reflected in the direction of the radar antenna. Most radar
    smits this energy in pulses, thousands of them every second.
    he gaps between the pulse transmissions, the radar becomes a
    eiver, and the gaps are carefully chosen to be just long enough for
    nal to make its way to the target and back at the speed of light1.

    time interval between the transmission and reception of the


    se gives the range from the radar to the target.

    radar antenna moves at a pre-determined regular rate, so the tim


    ch the target moves in and out of the beam can be tied to the
    ition of the antenna, giving the target's bearing from the location
    he radar.
    Comparison between
    Human Eye & Radar

    mans see in a world which is saturated with visible light, so that


    most every square inch of it reflects some light toward us at all tim

    e radar only "sees" the energy that is reflected toward it. The rada
    detect a target ONLY when its antenna captures enough energy t
    above the electronic noise that is invariably present in the receiv
    Variables
    in the Transmission-scattering-Reflection

    hey all affect the maximum range of the above process. They are

    The strength of the outgoing signal


    The width of the beam
    The size of the antenna
    The reflectivity, or RCS, of the target.
    Enemy Aircraft
    Process Diagram

    Be am
    e d nica l
    e f l ect Co
    R m
    Bea

    Sc
    att
    ere
    d
    Ra
    y s

    ACS
    AW
    RCS
    RCS
    Radar Cross Section

    •Out of radar designer’s control.

    •RCS not directly proportional to detection range because of


    radial
    scattering effects and cannonical beam of radar.

    •Radar cross section is the measure of a targets ability to


    reflect radar
    signals in the direction of the radar reciever i.e per unit solid
    angle.
    RCS

    • The rcs is easily visualized as product of three factors.

    • Rcs (⌐)=projected cross section *reflectivity*directivity.

    • reflectivity=the percentage of power


    reradiated(scattered) by the target .

    • Directivity=the ratio of power scattered back in radar


    direction.
    SCATTERING
    BY TARGET
    •The sphere is
    essentially same in
    almost all directions
    i.e. 360 degree
    •The flat plane has
    has almost no rcs
    except when aligned
    directly towards radar
    i.e. 90 degree
    •The corner reflector
    has an rcs almost
    high as flat plane over
    Minimizing Rcs
    RADAR
    GEOMETRIC DESIGN ABSORBENT
    • Conventional aircraft MATERIALS
    •
    use round shape cone as Metallic surfaces generally
    reflect the radar signals.
    it support principle of •
    There stealth aircraft should
    aerodynamics. be coated with radar
    • The stealth aircraft is absorbent materials.
    made up of flat surface • Which deflect and absorbed
    and very sharp edges incoming radar waves and
    • Radar signal heating the reduce the detection range.
    • Radar absorbent layer is
    stealth plane are present below the surface
    scattered in all coating of aircraft using
    Minimizing Rcs
    RADAR
    GEOMETRIC DESIGN ABSORBENT
    MATERIALS
    Visual stealth

    • Low visibility is desirable for all military applications

    • Earlier stealth aircraft were painted black and thus could


    be used during nights

    • Now days an electro chromic polymer is being developed


    for daytime stealth

    • These polymer sheets sense nature of the surrounding


    and change there color accordingly
    Visual stealth
    Infra-red stealth

    • Infra-red radiation are emitted by all matter above


    absolute temperature zero

    • Hot zones such as engine exhaust , wing surface [ friction


    due to air ] get heated which rather increases the visibility

    • These part should be kept cool as possible it can be

    • Option would be mixing of cool air with the hot engine


    exhaust
    Infra-red stealth
    Acoustic stealth

    • Acoustic cells involves the sound waves to detect


    the target

    • Knowing the fact that’s sound waves moves too


    slowly as compared to radio wave so it functionality
    should be directed towards low altitude flying aircraft
    and pre-dominantly ships and submarines.
    Plasma
    stealth
    In this stealth the
    aircraft injects a
    stream of ionized
    gas which
    envelopes the
    aircraft due to
    which most of the
    radar wave are
    observe this make
    the aircraft
    completely
    invisible
    Advantages of stealth

    • Reduces the causality rates during war

    • Saving military budget

    • Develop the military secretes

    • Bluff the anti-detective device


    Issues with stealth

    • Stealth aircraft cannot fly as fast as conventional


    aircraft

    • Can carry limited amount of load

    • Very economic B-2 cost [ $2 billion ] ,F-22 [$100


    million ]

    • Wing shape does not provide the optimum the lift.


    Conclusion

    • Well to conclude the current scenario appears some


    things similar to the cold war both sides are
    accumulating weapons to counter each other and each
    side can be termed as ‘stealth technology’ and the
    other as ‘anti-stealth technology’.

    • Its an arm race except it isn’t between specific


    countries .
    THAN
    K
    YOU !
    IF ANY
    ?

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