MODULE 4:

RESEARCH IN CHILD
AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
PROF. ED. 1 ( The Child and Adolescent)

Prepared by: Antonette B. Umali, RM, RN

LET LAW Student
Objective

1. Explain the basic principles of research.

2. Demonstrate appreciation of the role of teacher as consumers
and producers of developmental research.
3. Read researches on child and adolescent development and
make simple research abstract out of researches read.
 What is Research?

● It is generally termed as:

- is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;
documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific
professional fields and academic discipline.
 Teachers as Consumers/End Users of
Research

• Research gives teachers and policy-makers important

knowledge to use in decision-making for the benefit of
learners and their families. Well-informed teachers are
able to use and integrate the most authoritative
research findings.
 Teachers as

“
Researchers

The conduct of research does not only

belong to thesis and dissertation writers.

”
It is for students and teachers too.
 Principles of
Research
1. Scientific Method
are defined as controlled,
systematic investigation that are
rooted in objective reality and the aim
to develop general knowledge about
natural phenomena.
RESEARCH
BOOK OF
RESEARCH
 Principles on Research

Five steps of the scientific method: ( John Dewey)

1. Identify and define the problem
2. Determine the hypothesis/ educated guess
3. Collect and analyze data
4. Formulate conclusion
5. Apply conclusions to the original hypothesis
 Principles on Research

2. Research Designs

The framework of research methods and techniques

chosen by a researcher.
Types of Research Design
1. Case Study
An in-depth look at an individual.

Strength:
It provides information about an individual’s fears, hopes, fantasies, traumatic
experiences, upbringing, family relationships, health and anything that helps a psychologist
understand that persons development.

Weaknesses:
Need to exercise caution when generalizing from the information; the subject of a case
study is unique, with a genetic make up and experiences no one else shares; involves
judgments of unknown reliability, in that usually no check is made to see if other psychologist
agree with other observation.
 2. Correlational Study

* A research design that determines associations

Strength:
Useful because the more strongly two events are correlated, the more we
can predict one from the other.

Weakness:
Because correlational research does not involve the manipulation of
factors, it is not a dependable way to isolate cause.
3. Experimental
A research design that determines cause and effect relationships. The experimental method involves manipulating one
variables to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled methods,
and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.

Strength:
The only true reliable method of establishing cause and effect
Weakness:

Experimental research is limited to what is observable, testable and manipulable.

Experimentation with humans is subject to a number of external influences that may dilute he study results.

A further limitation of experimental research is that subjects may change their behavior or respond in specific manner
simply because of awareness of being observed or the Hawthorne effect.
4. Naturalistic Observation
A research design that focuses on children’s experiences in natural settings.
This does not involve any intervention or manipulation on the part of the researcher. This technique
involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations
where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost-prohibitive or would unduly affect the subject’s behavior.
Strengths:

One of the advantages of this type of research is that, it allows the researcher to directly observe the
subject in a natural setting.

Weakness:

The disadvantages of naturalistic observation include the fact that it can be difficult to determine the
exact cause of a behavior and the experimenter cannot control outside variables.
5. Longitudinal
This research design studies and follows through a single group over a period of
time. The same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or
more.

Strength:
Allows them to record and monitor developmental trends.

Weakness:

They are expensive and time-consuming.

The longer the study lasts, the more subjects drop out- they move, get sick, lose
interest, etc. Subjects can bias the outcome of a study, because those who remain may be
dissimilar to those who drop out.
6. Cross Sectional
A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.

Strengths:

Allows them to record and monitor developmental trends. The researcher does not
have to wait for the individuals to grow up or become older.

Weakness:

Its gives no information about how individuals change or about the stability of their
characteristics.
7. Sequential
This is the combined cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to learn about life-span
development. This starts with a cross-sectional study that includes individuals of different ages. A
number of months or years after the initial assessment, the same individuals are tested again-this is
the longitudinal aspect of the design. At this later time, a new group of subjects is assessed at each
grade level.

Strengths:

Allows them to record and monitor developmental trends. It provides information that is
impossible to obtain from cross-sectional or longitudinal approach alone.

Weakness:

It is complex, expensive, and time consuming.

Action Research
Action research is a reflective process of progressive problem-solving led by individuals working with others in teams
or as part of a “community of practice” to improve the way they address issues and solve problems.

Strengths:

Appropriate in a particular setting when the purpose of study is “to create changes and gain information on processes
and outcome of the strategies used.”
Uses different methods, can get the best out of the different methods employed, if done well.

Weakness:
Typically takes place in one organization only at a particular time and could not be interpreted within different
organizations in the same way. Therefore, research findings are hard (impossible) to generalize.
If research participants do not feel they understand and ‘own’ the research project, this could lead to potential conflict
of interest between the researcher and those participating in the organization, but also between the researcher with some
participant.
Data-Gathering Technique
1. Observation:
Observation can be made in either laboratories or materialistic settings. In naturalistic observation, behavior is observed in
the real world like classrooms, home in neighborhood.
2. Physiological Measures:
Certain indicators of children’s development such as, among others, heart rate, hormonal level, bone growth, body weight
and brain activity are measured.
3. Standardized Test:
These are prepared test that assess individuals’ performance in different domains. These test are administered in a consistent
manner.
4. Interviews and Questioners:
Involves asking the participants to provide information about themselves based on the interview or questionnaire given by
the researcher.
Gathering of data may be conducted through a printed questionnaire, over the telephone, by mail, in person, or on-line.
5. Life-History Records:
These are records in information about a lifetime chronology of events and activities. They often involve a combination of
data records on education, work, family, and residence. These include public records or historical documents or interviews with respondents.
Principles of Research
3. Ethical Principles

To serve the genuine purpose of research, teacher researchers are subject to ethical principles. Just as we
have the Code of Ethics that governs the behavior of teachers, there also exist ethical standards that guide the
conduct of research. These ethical standard serve as reminders that as researchers, we should strive to protect the
subjects of our study and to maintain the integrity of our research.

Example of Ethical Standard on research can be found in these documents:

1. Ethical standards of the American Education Research Association

2. Ethical Standards for Research with Children- Society for Research in Child Development (USA)
3. Standards of the American Psychological Association Concerning Research
Some key points on the three standards given are the following consideration for researches
conducted on children and other vulnerable population: ( National Association for the
Education of Young Children NAEYC)

1. Research procedures must never harm children, physically or psychologically.

2. Children and their families have the right to full information about the research in which they may
participate, including possible risks and benefits. Their decision to participate must be based on what is called
“informed consent”. There must be informed consent procedures with research participants.
3. Children’s questions about the research should be answered in a truthful manner and in ways that children
can understand. Researchers must be honest and clear in their communication.
4. There should be respect for privacy. Information obtained through research with children should remain
confidential. Researchers should not disclose personal information or the identity of participants in written or oral
reports and discussions.
Impact of Teachers’ Research Involvement on Teachers
Research itself has proven that teachers have everything to gain and nothing to lose when they get involved in the
research process.
Evidence suggest that:
1. teachers who have been involved in research may become more reflective, more critical and analytical in
their teaching, and more open and committed to professional development.
2. participating in teacher research also helps teachers become more deliberate in their decision making and
actions in the classroom.
3. teacher research develops the professional dispositions of lifelong learning, reflective and mindful teaching,
and self-transformation.
4. engaging in teacher research at any level may lead to rethinking and reconstructing what it means to be a
teacher or teacher educator and, consequently, the way teachers relate to children and students.
5. teacher research has the potential to demonstrate to teachers and prospective teachers that learning to teach is
inherently connected to learning to inquire.

Teachers involvement in the conduct of teacher research shows a shift from thinking about teacher research as
something done to teachers to something done by teachers.
Research Abstract: is a brief summary that appears at the beginning of the article.

Parts:

1. Title
2. Researcher/s
3. Date of Research
4. Introduction- introduces the problem or issue that is being studied.
5. Methods- consists of a clear description of the subjects evaluated in the study, the measures used and the
procedures that were followed.
6. Finding/Results of the Study- analysis of the data.
7. Conclusions and Recommendations- state the authors answers to the specific problems of the study.
8. References- include bibliographic information for each source cited in the research report.

Methods, findings/results of the study and conclusions and Recommendations constitute the Body of the
Abstract.
Sample of Research Abstract :

Abstract
* Problem:
- Child and Adolescent Physical and Sedentary Behavior

* Methods:
Survey/Questionnaire

* Results
-The primary outcome of the study was a ranked set of 29 research priorities that aimed to be applicable for
the next 10 years. The top three ranked priorities were: developing effective and sustainable interventions to increase
children’s physical activity long-term; policy and/or environmental change and their influence on children’s physical
activity and sedentary behavior; and prospective, longitudinal studies of the independent effects of physical activity
and sedentary behavior on health.

* Conclusions
-These research priorities can help to guide decisions on future research directions.
Summary
* Quality Research adheres to the scientific method.
* For research on child and adolescent development to serve its ultimate purpose,
researchers must be governed by ethical principle.
* There are various research designs and data gathering techniques.
* Teachers are both producer of knowledge when they conduct research and are
consumers or end users of knowledge when they utilize research findings to improve
instructions.
* Research has a transformative effect on teacher’ self-understanding and on their
classroom practice. It enables teachers to develop a better understanding of themselves,
their classrooms, and their practice through the act of reflective inquiry.
Thanks!
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