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Relations and Functions

The document discusses relations and functions between sets. It defines a relation R from set A to set B as a subset of the Cartesian product A x B, where an ordered pair (x,y) is in R if x is related to y. A function from A to B is a special type of relation where each element of A is paired with exactly one element of B. It provides examples of relations that are and are not functions based on whether they satisfy these properties. Arrow diagrams are used to represent relations visually. Equality of functions f and g from A to B means f(x)=g(x) for all x in A.

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J Anne Latoza
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88 views22 pages

Relations and Functions

The document discusses relations and functions between sets. It defines a relation R from set A to set B as a subset of the Cartesian product A x B, where an ordered pair (x,y) is in R if x is related to y. A function from A to B is a special type of relation where each element of A is paired with exactly one element of B. It provides examples of relations that are and are not functions based on whether they satisfy these properties. Arrow diagrams are used to represent relations visually. Equality of functions f and g from A to B means f(x)=g(x) for all x in A.

Uploaded by

J Anne Latoza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relations and Functions

1
The Language of Relations and Functions

The objects of mathematics may be related in various


ways.

• A set A may be said to be “related to” a set B if A is a


subset of B, or if A is not a subset of B, or if A and B
have at least one element in common.

• A number x may be said to be “related to” a number y if


x < y, or if x is a factor of y, or if x2 + y2 = 1.

2
The Language of Relations and Functions

Let A = {0, 1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and let us say


that x  A is related to y  B if and only if x < y.

Use the notation “x R y”


as a shorthand for the
sentence “x is related to
y.” Then

On the other hand, if the


“ ” represents the
sentence “x is not
related to y,” then
3
The Language of Relations and Functions

Now consider

In some elements of A  B, the first and second


components are related by R, whereas other elements do
not have this property.

Consider the set of all ordered pairs in A  B whose


elements are related by R:

4
The Language of Relations and Functions

Observe that knowing which ordered pairs lie in this set is


equivalent to knowing which element consist of
components related by R.

The relation itself can therefore be thought of as the


ordered pairs whose elements are related by R.

Definition: Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a


subset of A x B. If (x, y)  A x B, then x R y if and only if
(x, y)  R.
• A is called the domain of R
• B is called the co-domain of R
5
The Language of Relations and Functions

The notation for a relation R may be written symbolically as


follows:

x R y means that (x, y )  R.

The notation x y means that x is not related to y by R:

x y means that (x, y )  R.

6
Example 1 – A Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from
A to B as follows: Given any (x, y) ∈ A  B,

a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A  B and


which are in R.

b. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?

c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?

7
Example 1 – Solution
a. A  B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}. To
determine explicitly the composition of R, examine each
ordered pair in A  B to see whether its elements satisfy

the defining condition for R.

8
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Thus

b.

c.

9
Arrow Diagram of a Relation

10
Arrow Diagram of a Relation
Suppose R is a relation from a set A to a set B. The arrow
diagram for R is obtained as follows:

1. Represent the elements of A as points in one region


and the elements of B as points in another region.
2. For each x  A and y  B, draw an arrow from x to y if,
and only if x R y.

11
Example 3 – Arrow Diagrams of Relations

Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5} and define relations S and


T from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y ) ∈ A  B,

Draw arrow diagrams for S and T.

12
Example 3 – Solution

These example relations illustrate that it is possible to have


several arrows coming out of the same element of A
pointing in different directions.

Also, it is quite possible to have an element of A that does


not have an arrow coming out of it.

13
Functions

14
Functions

15
Functions
Properties (1) and (2) can be stated less formally as
follows: A relation F from A to B is a function if, and only if:

1. Every element of A is the first element of an ordered pair


of F.

2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same first


element.

16
Example 4 – Functions and Relations on Finite Sets

Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the relations R,


S, and T defined below are functions from A to B?

a. R = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5)}

b. For all (x, y ) ∈ A  B, (x, y ) ∈ S means that y = x + 1.

c. T is defined by the arrow diagram

17
Example 4(a) – Solution
R is not a function because it does not satisfy property (2).
The ordered pairs (4, 1) and (4, 3) have the same first
element but different second elements.

You can see this graphically if you draw the arrow diagram
for R. There are two arrows coming out of 4: One points to
1 and the other points to 3.

18
Example 4(b) – Solution cont’d

S is not a function because it does not satisfy property (1).


It is not true that every element of A is the first element of
an ordered pair in S.

For example, 6 ∈ A but there is no y in B such that


y = 6 + 1 = 7. You can also see this graphically by drawing
the arrow diagram for S.

19
Example 4(c) – Solution cont’d

T is a function: Each element in {2, 4, 6} is related to some


element in {1, 3, 5} and no element in {2, 4, 6} is related to
more than one element in {1, 3, 5}.

When these properties are stated in terms of the arrow


diagram, they become (1) there is an arrow coming out of
each element of the domain, and (2) no element of the
domain has more than one arrow coming out of it.

So you can write T (2) = 5, T (4) = 1, and T (6) = 1.

20
Function Equality
If f and g are functions from a set A to a set B, then
f = {(x, y) ∈ A × B | y = f (x)}
and
g = {(x, y) ∈ A × B | y = g (x)}.

It follows that

f equals g, written f = g,
if and only if f (x) = g (x) for all x in A.

21
Example 7 – Equality of Functions
Define f : R → R and g: R → R by the following formulas:

Does f = g?

Solution:
Yes. Because the absolute value of any real number equals
the square root of its square,

22

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