Module 1

Module 1
 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (Elective - I)
EC 010 606 L04 (Syllabus) 3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References

1. Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology:

Joseph J Carr, Pearson Edn.

2. A Handbook to Biomedical Instrumentation:

R S Khandpur, Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub.

3. Medical Instrumentation Application and Design:

John G Webster, John Wiley 3rd Edn.

4. Principle of Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement:

Richard Aston, Merrill Education/Prentice Hall.

5. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering:

John Enderle, ELSEVIER 3rd Edn.

 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (Elective - I)
EC 010 606 L04 (Syllabus) 3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References

6. Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurements:

Leslie Cromwell, PHI.

7. Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation

Mandeep Singh, PHI

8. Electronics in Medicine & Biomedical Instrumentation:

Nandini K Jog, PHI.

9. Biomedical Instrumentation:

Dr. M. Arumugam, Anuradha Agencies

10. Medical Physiology - Principles for Clinical Medicine (4th Ed):

Rhoades & Bell, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (Elective - I)
EC 010 606 L04 (Syllabus) 3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References

11. Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurements:

 R. Anandanatarajan, PHI.

12. Biomedical Instrumentation Systems

 Shakti Chatterjee, Aubert Miller, Cengage Learning

13. Biomedical Instrumentation :

Jithendra Kumar Jain & Neeraj Jain, Genius Pub.

14. Text Book of Medical Physiology :

Aurther C Guyton & John E Hall, ELSEVIER 11th Edn.

15. Wearable and Autonomous Biomedical Devices and Systems for Smart Environment :

Aimé Lay-Ekuakille, Springer.

 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (Elective - I)
EC 010 606 L04 (Syllabus) 3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References

16. Fundamentals of Biomedical Instrumentation:

 Dr. O. N. Pandey, Katson.

 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS (Elective - I)
EC 010 606 L04 (Syllabus) 3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Module 1 (12 hrs)

Introduction to the physiology of:

 cardiac,
nervous & muscular and
respiratory systems.
Transducers and Electrodes:
Different types of transducers & their selection
for biomedical applications.
Electrode theory,
selection criteria of electrodes &
different types of electrodes
such as, Ag - Ag Cl, pH, etc.
The Physiological System of Human Body

Cardiac System

Respiratory System

Nervous & Muscular System

 Ref: 2, Ch1.2.1/Pg4

The Cardiovascular System

o Closed complex hydraulic system

o with a four-chambered pump

o connected to flexible tubular structures (blood vessels).

Main functions:
o Transportation

o Blood purification
 Ref: 2, Ch1.2.1/Pg4

Structural Details:
o Two parts

o right & left

o Each part has two chambers

o Atrium (Auricle)

o Ventricle
 Ref: 2, Ch1.2.1/Pg4

The Cardiovascular System

Heart wall has three layers:

 Pericardium (Outer Layer):-

• Keeps outer surface moist & friction free

 Myocardium (Middle Layer):-

• Main muscle

• Made up of Short cylindrical fibers

• Automatic in action

• Responsible for Cardiac activity

 Endocardium (Inner Layer):-

• Smooth lining for blood to flow

 Ref:
Pericardium http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/File:Gray4
89.png
Cardiovascular System Ref:
http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Human_heart
(The Heart)
 Ref:
Cardiovascular System http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Human_heart

(The Heart)
 Ref: 2, Ch1.2.1/Pg4
Cardiovascular System
(The Heart)
oIt has four valves:-

I. Tricuspid valve or right atrio-ventricular valve

II. Bicuspid / mitral valve or left atrio-ventricular valve

III. Pulmonary valve or semilunar valve

IV. Aortic valve

o All these valves are unidirectional

o Provides synchronous operation

 Ref:
Cardiovascular System http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Human_heart

(The Heart blood flow diagram)

oBlue components (Right Side) indicate

o de-oxygenated blood pathways.

oRed components (Left Side) indicate

o oxygenated pathways.
 Ref:
Cardiovascular System http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Human_heart
(Working of the Heart)
oacts as a double pump.

o right side of the heart collects

o de-oxygenated blood, in the right atrium,

o from the body (via superior and inferior vena cavae) and

o pump it, via the right ventricle, into the lungs

o left side of the heart collects

o oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.

o From the left atrium the blood moves to

o the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body (via the aorta)

 Ref:
Cardiovascular System http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Human_heart
(Working of the Heart)
oFrom right atrium, the blood flows through

o the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.

oIt is pumped out of the pulmonary semilunar valve and

o travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

oFrom there, blood flows back through

o the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.

oIt then travels through the mitral valve to the left ventricle,

o from where it is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve to

o the aorta and to the rest of the body.

oThe deoxygenated blood finally returns to

o the heart through the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava, and

o enters the right atrium where the process began.

 Ref: 2, Ch1.2.1/Pg5
Cardiovascular System
(Types of Circulation)

• 2 types of blood circulation

 Pulmonary circulation (to lungs)
Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs
Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium
 Systemic circulation (from lungs)
Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Arteries
(Exchange of gases)
Veins Superior/Inferior venacavae Right
atrium
Right atrium Right ventricle
Cardiovascular Circulation
Ref: 6, Ch5.1/Pg87

oblood supply of the heart

o is provided by
o the coronary circulation
 Ref: 6, Ch5.1/Pg86

Cardiovascular System
 Ref: 10, Ch11/Pg213
Cardiovascular System

Figure 11.1 A model of the cardiovascular system.

o SVC, superior vena cava;

o IVC, inferior vena cava;

o RA, right atrium;

o RV, right ventricle;

o LA, left atrium;

o LV, left ventricle.

 Ref: 10, Ch11/Pg213
Cardiovascular System
oThe right and left sides of the heart are
o aligned in series,
o as the systemic circulation and
o the pulmonary circulation.
oThe circulations of the organs
o other than the lungs are in parallel.
oEach organ receives blood
o from the aorta and
o returns it to the vena cava.
oExceptions to the series arrangements exist
o between the splanchnic and portal circulation of the liver as well as
o the glomerular and tubular capillary networks of the kidney.
osplanchnic and portal circulation responsible for
odirecting blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver
 Ref: 2, Ch1.2.1/Pg5

Structure of Heart
 Ref: 6, Ch5.2/Pg90
Internal Structure of Heart
 Ref:6, Ch5.2/Pg90
Conduction System
 Ref:
Conduction System http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Human_heart
 Ref:

oSA Node:  
Conduction System http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Human_heart

o pacemaker located in the right atrium,

o the generator of normal sinus rhythm.

oAV Node:

o electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers

oBachmann’s Bundle:  

o connects the top of the right atrium with the top of the left atrium.

oHis Bundle:  

o transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node to

o the point of the apex of the fascicular branches

oMuscle fascicle:

o Muscle fibers  that transmit electrical impulses from

o the AV Node to the Purkinje Fibers

oPurkinje Fibers:

o Myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that

o enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.

 Ref: 5, Ch3/Pg97
Cardiovascular System
 Ref:
Electrical Activity of Heart http://en.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/File:EC
G_Principle_fast.gif
 Ref:

The Aortic Valve http://en.wikipedi

a.org/wiki/File:Aor
tic_valve.gif
(Video clip from the aortic valve
in a living, beating pig heart)