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    Sunil Prabhakar SR. No. 08458

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    Zami Furqon
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. There are two types of viscosity - dynamic (or absolute) viscosity which measures the resistance to shearing motion, and kinematic viscosity which is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Viscosity can be measured using capillary viscometers or rotational viscometers. Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature for liquids but increases for gases. It also increases with increasing pressure. Viscosity varies with shear rate, with some fluids exhibiting shear thinning or thickening behaviors. The applications of viscosity include lubricant selection, pumping operations, and blending of fuels.

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    Sunil Prabhakar SR. No. 08458

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    Zami Furqon
    49 views17 pages
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. There are two types of viscosity - dynamic (or absolute) viscosity which measures the resistance to shearing motion, and kinematic viscosity which is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Viscosity can be measured using capillary viscometers or rotational viscometers. Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature for liquids but increases for gases. It also increases with increasing pressure. Viscosity varies with shear rate, with some fluids exhibiting shear thinning or thickening behaviors. The applications of viscosity include lubricant selection, pumping operations, and blending of fuels.

    Original Description:

    Mengukur viscosity pada BBM Solar

    Original Title

    VISCOSITY

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    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. There are two types of viscosity - dynamic (or absolute) viscosity which measures the resistance to shearing motion, and kinematic viscosity which is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Viscosity can be measured using capillary viscometers or rotational viscometers. Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature for liquids but increases for gases. It also increases with increasing pressure. Viscosity varies with shear rate, with some fluids exhibiting shear thinning or thickening behaviors. The applications of viscosity include lubricant selection, pumping operations, and blending of fuels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    49 views17 pages

    Sunil Prabhakar SR. No. 08458

    Uploaded by

    Zami Furqon
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. There are two types of viscosity - dynamic (or absolute) viscosity which measures the resistance to shearing motion, and kinematic viscosity which is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Viscosity can be measured using capillary viscometers or rotational viscometers. Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature for liquids but increases for gases. It also increases with increasing pressure. Viscosity varies with shear rate, with some fluids exhibiting shear thinning or thickening behaviors. The applications of viscosity include lubricant selection, pumping operations, and blending of fuels.

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    Viscosity

    SUNIL PRABHAKAR
    SR. No. 08458
    Introduction
     Viscosity is a quantitative measure of a fluid’s resistance to
    flow.

    Dynamic (or Absolute) Viscosity:


     The dynamic viscosity(η) of a fluid is a measure of the
    resistance it offers to relative shearing motion.
    η= F/ [A×(u/h)]
    η= τ /(u/h) N-s/m²

    Kinematic Viscosity :
     It is defined as the ratio of absolute viscosity to the density of
    fluid.
    ν= η/ρ m²/s ; ρ= density of fluid
    Viscosity Measurements
    Capillary Viscometers
     Itgives the ‘kinematic viscosity’ of the fluid. It is based on
    Poiseuille’s law for steady viscous flow in a pipe.
    Viscosity Measurements
    Rotational Viscometers
     These viscometer give the value of the ‘dynamic viscosity’.
     It is based on the principle that the fluid whose viscosity is
    being measured is sheared between two surfaces.
     In these viscometers one of the surfaces is stationary and the
    other is rotated by an external drive and the fluid fills the
    space in between.
     The measurements are conducted by applying either a
    constant torque and measuring the changes in the speed of
    rotation or applying a constant speed and measuring the
    changes in the torque.
     There are two main types of these viscometers: rotating
    cylinder and cone-on-plate viscometers
    Viscosity Measurements
    Rotating cylinder viscometer
    Viscosity Measurements
    Cone-on-plate viscometer
    Effects of temperature
     The viscosity of liquids decreases with increase the
    temperature.
     The viscosity of gases increases with the increase the
    temperature.
    Effects of temperature
     The lubricant oil viscosity at a specific temperature can be
    either calculated from the viscosity - temperature equation or
    obtained from the viscosity-temperature ASTM chart.
    Viscosity-Temperature Equations
    Effects of temperature

    fig: Viscosity-temperature characteristics of selected


    oils
    Viscosity index
     An entirely empirical parameter which would accurately
    describe the viscosity- temperature characteristics of the oils.
     The viscosity index is calculated by the following formula:
    VI = (L - U)/ (L - H) * 10
    where ,
    VI is viscosity index
    U is the kinematic viscosity
    of oil of interest
    L and H are the kinematic
    viscosity of the reference oils

    Fig . Shows the evaluation of viscosity index


    Effects of pressure
     Lubricants viscosity increases with pressure.
     For most lubricants this effect is considerably largest
    than the other effects when the pressure is significantly
    above atmospheric.
     The Barus equation :
    Effects of pressure
    Viscosity - shear relationship
     For Newtonian fluids, shear stress linearly vary with the
    shear rate as shown in Figure. Viscosity is constant for
    this kind of fluid.

    τ = η (u/h)

     Non Newtonian fluid doesn’t


    follow the linear relation
    between viscosity and shear rate.
    Viscosity – shear relationship
    Pseudoplastic Behaviour
     Pseudoplastic or shear thinning and is associated with the thinning of the fluid
    as the shear rate increases.

    Thixotropic Behaviour
     Thixotropic or shear duration thinning, is associated with a loss of consistency
    of the fluid as the duration of shear increases.

     The opposite of this behavior is


    known as inverse thixotropic.
    Applications
     Selection of lubricants for various purpose.
    - we can choose an optimum range of viscosity for engine oil.
    - for high load and also for speed operation high viscous
    lubricants is required.
     In pumping operation

    - for high viscous fluid high power will require.


    - for low viscous fluid low power will require.
     In making of blend fuel

    - less viscous fuels easy to mix.


     In the operation of coating and printing.
    References
     ‘Engineering Tribology’ by “Gwidon W. stachowiak” and
    “Andrew W. Batchelor”.
     ‘Engineering Tribology’ by “J. A. Williams”.
     www.wikipedia.org
     www.google.com

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