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Traffic Control System

This document discusses the key components of a basic voltage regulator circuit. It includes a bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC, a 7805 voltage regulator IC to maintain a constant output voltage, a monostable multivibrator using the 555 timer IC to create a timed pulse, and other basic components like diodes, resistors, transistors, and capacitors. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of each component in the voltage regulator circuit.

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Ram Sai
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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52 views20 pages

Traffic Control System

This document discusses the key components of a basic voltage regulator circuit. It includes a bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC, a 7805 voltage regulator IC to maintain a constant output voltage, a monostable multivibrator using the 555 timer IC to create a timed pulse, and other basic components like diodes, resistors, transistors, and capacitors. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of each component in the voltage regulator circuit.

Uploaded by

Ram Sai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

 Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many modern cities

 It directly Impacts on economy

 Developing infrastructure

 Managing the existing transportation systems


Basic components:

 Bridge Rectifier
 Voltage Regulator (IC 7805)
 Monostable Multivibrator (IC 555)
 Diodes
 Resistors
 Transistor (BC 547)
 Capacitors
 EM Relays
Bridge Rectifier

 A Bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes to achieve full


wave rectification.
 It converts bi-directional A.C to unidirectional A.C with out
change in frequency.
Current flow in Bridge rectifier

Flow of current during positive


Half cycle.

Flow of current during negative


Half cycle.
Voltage regulator

 A voltage regulator is an electrical designed to automatically maintain


a constant voltage level.
 There are two types of regulators:
1.Electromechanical regulator
2.Electronic regulators using solid state technology (Transistors)

Electronic symbol of voltage regulator


IC 7805

 IC 7805 belongs to 78xx family of self contained linear voltage


regulator integrated circuits
 The last two characters xx is replaced with the output voltage of
regulator
ADVANTAGES:
 78xx series ICs do not require any additional components to provide
constant, regulated power supply
 These are very economical and have built-in protection against a
circuit drawing too much power
MULTIVIBRATORS

 A multivibrator is an electronic circuit that consists of two


transistors cross coupled by resistors and capacitors

 There are three types of multivibrator circuits:


1. Astable multivibrator
2. Monostable multivibrator
3. Bistable multivibrator

 Monostable multivibrator is useful for creating a timing


period of fixed duration.
Pin Diagram
Monostable multivibrator

 The monostable multivibrator will switch to its unstable state,


when triggered by an input pulse
 Time period for which it remains in unstable state,
t= ln(3)R2C1
Functional Block Diagram
Diodes
 A diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts current
in only one direction.

 It is a combination of p-type & n-type semiconductors which are


sandwiched together.

 Diodes are widely to clip unwanted portions of waveform, or to clamp


peak of a waveform at a desired DC level.

 There exists a depletion region at the p-n junction due to the


recombination of holes and electrons.
I-V Characteristics

The shape of the curve is determined by the transport of


charge carriers through the depletion region
Resistors
 The property of opposing the flow of electrons or current is called
resistance.
 Practical resistors are made of various compounds such as
nickel/chrome alloy et.,.
 Electrical symbol of resistor is,

The behaviour of an ideal resistor is given by ohm’s law:


V=I.R
Transistors
 A transistor is an electronic component which consists of three
terminals namely base, collector and emitter
 There are two types of transistors pnp and npn type
 Symbol of a transistor is,
Capacitors

 A capacitor is a passive electronic component which consists of a pair


of conductors separated by a dielectric.
 Capacitors are extensively used in electronic circuits to block direct
current while allowing alternate current to pass
 Symbol of capacitor is,

 Energy is stored in capacitor in the form of electric field, it is


given by,
Applications
 A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its
charging circuit, it can be used as a temporary battery

 Reservoir capacitors are used in power supplies where they smooth


the output of full and half wave rectifiers

 They are used in power distribution for power factor correction

 Capacitors and inductors are applied together in tuned circuits to select


information in particular frequency bands
EM Relay
 A relay is an electrically operated switch. It opens and closes under
control of electric current applied
 The electromagnetic relay consists of multi-turn coil, wound on an iron
core, to form an electromagnet
 Relays can generate a very high voltage across the coil when switched
off
 To prevent damage of other electronic components, a diode is
connected across the coil

A simple electromechanical relay


Connection Diagram
THANK YOU

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