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Data Analysis AND Use of Appropriate Statistical Tools

This document provides an overview of important concepts in data analysis and appropriate statistical tools. It discusses the importance of data analysis in making meaningful conclusions from research data. The four main types of data analysis covered are descriptive analysis, exploratory analysis, inferential analysis, and predictive analysis. Descriptive analysis describes and summarizes data, exploratory analysis focuses on correlations, inferential analysis allows predictions about populations from samples, and predictive analysis forecasts future outcomes. The document also outlines commonly used parametric and non-parametric statistical tests as well as tools for reliability, validity, and sample size computation that are appropriate for research.

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91 views

Data Analysis AND Use of Appropriate Statistical Tools

This document provides an overview of important concepts in data analysis and appropriate statistical tools. It discusses the importance of data analysis in making meaningful conclusions from research data. The four main types of data analysis covered are descriptive analysis, exploratory analysis, inferential analysis, and predictive analysis. Descriptive analysis describes and summarizes data, exploratory analysis focuses on correlations, inferential analysis allows predictions about populations from samples, and predictive analysis forecasts future outcomes. The document also outlines commonly used parametric and non-parametric statistical tests as well as tools for reliability, validity, and sample size computation that are appropriate for research.

Uploaded by

earl eugene mislan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA ANALYSIS

AND
USE OF
APPROPRIATE
STATISTICAL TOOLS
DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is the process of
checking, reordering and presenting
available data in the form of applicable
and understandable information. It is
necessary because the researcher
should be able to make meaningful
deductions and conclusions from the
data. It is a very critical part of
researching so that the results can be
properly used and applied.
How necessary?

The very significance of


your work or research will
It is therefore necessary to be based on how you are
understand that as able to apply your results
important as it is to collect to answer your research
data it is very important to question or how well your
analyze it correctly as well. results are able to relate to
the problem that you are
trying to solve. 
1. Dependable information

2. Simplifying complex data

IMPORTANCE 3. Avoiding influence of


OF human bias

DATA 4. Helps in further research


ANALYSIS
5. Helps your audience
understand your work
TYPES In the world of statistical
OF data, there are four types
of data analysis (Steve
DATA McDonnel):
ANALYSIS Descriptive Analysis,
Inferential Analysis,
Steve McDonnell Exploratory Analysis and
Predictive Analysis.
When you begin a data analysis project, you typically begin by analyzing each
variable independently to describe the data you have and assess its quality.
The next step is then to explore the relationships that exist among the
variables. These relationships might lead you to draw certain inferences or
conclusions about the population the data represents. The conclusions might
lead to a mathematical model that predicts the results for data that's not
currently in your data set. No data analysis, however, is effective until it leads
to a decision or action step.
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analysis, also known as descriptive analytics or descriptive statistics,
is the process of using statistical techniques to describe or summarize a set of
data. As one of the major types of data analysis, descriptive analysis is popular
for its ability to generate accessible insights from otherwise uninterpreted data.
As an example of descriptive analysis, consider an insurance company analyzing its customer
base.
The insurance company may know certain traits about its customers, such as their gender,
age, and nationality. To gain a better profile of their customers, the insurance company can
apply descriptive analysis.
Measures of frequency can be used to identify how many customers are under a certain age;
measures of central tendency can be used to identify who most of their customers are;
measures of dispersion can be used to identify the variation in, for example, the age of their
customers; finally, measures of position can be used to compare segments of customers
based on specific traits.
Example 2:
You’ve performed a survey to 40 respondents about their favorite car color. And now you have a
spreadsheet with the results.
However, this spreadsheet is not very informative and you want to summarize the data with some graphs
and charts that can allow you to come up with some simple conclusions (e.g. 24% of people said that
white is their favorite color).
For sure, this would be much more representative and clear than an ugly spreadsheet. And you have a
plenty of options to visualize data such as pie charts, line charts, etc.
Exploratory Analysis
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is the process of visualizing and analyzing
data to extract insights from it. In other words, EDA is the process of
summarizing important characteristics of data in order to gain better
understanding of the dataset. This is called exploratory data analysis, and
typically focuses on correlations among variables.

For example, one data set shows an extremely high correlation between the
number of cavities a child has and the size of her vocabulary. However, this
does not suggest that if you allow your child to get more cavities, her
vocabulary will also grow. There might be other factors that are driving the
results, such as age, that you don't have in your data set.
Inferential Analysis
Descriptive statistics describes data (for example, a chart or graph) and
Inferential Statistics allows you to make predictions (“inferences”) from that
data. With inferential statistics, you take data from samples and make
generalizations about a population.
Using statistics to test a hypothesis, draw conclusions and make
predictions about a whole population, based on your sample.

For example, you might stand in a mall and ask a sample of 100 people if they
like shopping at Bench. You could make a bar chart of yes or no answers (that
would be descriptive statistics) or you could use your research (and
inferential statistics) to reason that around 75- 80% of the population (all
shoppers in all malls) like shopping at Bench.
There are two main areas of inferential statistics:

1. Estimating parameters. This means taking a statistic from your sample


data (for example the sample mean) and using it to say something
about a population parameter (i.e. the population mean).

2. Hypothesis tests. This is where you can use sample data to answer
research questions. For example, you might be interested in knowing if a
new cancer drug is effective. Or if breakfast helps children perform
better in schools.
Predictive Analysis
Predictive analysis, more commonly known as predictive analytics, is a type of data
analysis which focuses on making predictions about the future based on data. There are
several other types of data analysis, like descriptive analysis and diagnostic analysis, but
the predictive analysis is particularly popular in the business analysis world as it is
invaluable in effective decision-making.
Example: Financial Markets
Predictive analysis is invaluable in financial markets, where it is used by a vast number of stakeholders in
order to educate trading decisions. Wherever possible, traders seek to use technical and fundamental
analysis to improve their chances of succeeding in the markets. While there are a number of rudimentary
indicators that any trader can use to estimate technical and fundamental variables, large-scale predictive
analysis operations are attractive for their ability to take into account patterns and variations in a multitude
of variables.

To give a specific example of how predictive analysis might be applied, a trader could create a statistical
model to identify patterns in stock prices that usually occur before the stock increases in value. This model
could then be used as a buy signal for the trader.
STATISTICAL
TOOLS
FOR
RESEARCH
Parametric Tests
Provides more reliable results.

Non-Parametric Tests
Less reliable results as it
calculates the rank of the data
Parametric Tests Non-Parametric Tests

Not Equal Equal??


Test of Normality

Shapiro-Wilk Test
more specific test.

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
more general test.
Test of Homogeneity

Lavene’s Test
Used to assess the equality of variances for a variable.
T-test for Independent Samples
Used to compare the means of two Independent groups.

Mann Whitney U-Test


T-test for paired-samples
Used to compare the means of two paired groups.

Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test


Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Used to compare the means of two or more
independent groups.

Kruskal-WallisTest
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Used to compare the means of two or more paired
groups.

Friedman's ANOVA
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Used to compare the means of two or more
Independent groups which cannot be tested by ANOVA
because the variables are affected by covariates.
Pearson’s Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient
Used to measure the strength of relationship of two
continuous variables.

Spearman’s Rho Kendall’s Tau


Chi-square Test of Independence
Used to measure the strength of relationship of two
categorical variables.
Linear Regression
Used to determine the relationship of two continuous
variables. It is also used to predict values of the other
variable.
Reliability Test
Kuder Richardson’s Formula 20 and 21
Cronbach’s Alpha

Inter-rater Reliability Test

Krippendorf’s Alpha
Fleiss’ Kappa
Test of Validity

Krippendorf’s Alpha

Fleiss’ Kappa
Sample Size Computation

Cochrans’s Formula

Yamene’s Formula (Slovin’s)


Thank you!!

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