Differential Calculus

Mrs. Yolanda C. De leon, LPT, MAEd

Instructor
First Semester 2021-2022
Introduction to Calculus
Tangent
line

(a,f(a))
f(a) y= f(x)

a
 Introduction to Calculus
y

Sir Isaac Newton(1614-1727)

in England

Gottfried Wilhelm Von y=f(x)

Leibniz(1646-1716) in Germany

X
a b
 Definition of Differential Calculus

Calculus is the mathematics of motion and

change
DifferentialCalculus deals with problems involving
the rate of change, explains the derivative, and
describes the rate of change of one quantity with
respect to the change in another quantity.
FOCUS:

Discuss and solve problems on

rate of change, tangent of a
curve, marginal cost and profit,
and rectilinear motion.
Amazing uses of Calculus in real life
 Engineers

 1.    Quantifying Building Materials (Quantity surveyors)

 2.    Calculating the weight of structures (Architectural Engineers)
3.    Structural analysis – Seismic design
 4.    Soil structure
 5.    Building bridges (Civil Engineers)
 6.    Building storm drains
 7.    Hydraulic Analysis Programs
 8.    Calculating Cable lengths (Electrical)
 9.    Space Exploration (Space engineers)
 10.    Astronomy
 11.    Analytical geometry
 12.    Algebra
 13.    Bacterial growth
In the field of Medicines
 14.    Patient Diagnosis
 15.    Epidemiology – Calculate the rate of disease spread
 16. Cardiac output – Blood Flow
  17.    Cancer – Monitor Tumor   
 18.    Surgery- Controlling Red Blood Cells
 19.    Anesthesiologists
 20.    Cardiologists
 21.    Pharmacologists
 22.    Physiologists
23.    Neurologists

24.    Paristologists

25.    Entomologists
 In the field of Physics 38. Research Analysts
26.    Calculate the center of mass
39. Chemistry
27.    Calculate Center of gravity
40. Meteorology
28.    Mass moment of inertia – sports vehicles, etc.
29.    Calculate Velocity of an object 41. Music
30.    Calculate the Trajectory of an object
43. In Business
31.    Predict positions of planets
 A. Credit card payments
32.    Electromagnetism
33.    Astronomy B.    Planning prosecution cases

34.    Dynamics C.    Calculate costs

35.    Determining Frictional forces

36.    Pump Flow rate
37.    Power Output in Batteries
 Contents:
 I. definition of Calculus and its Importance to Real XIII. Trigonometric Functions
life XIV. Exponential Functions
 II.Function XV. Logarithmic Functions
 III.Limits XVI. Fundamental Properties of
 IV.Continuity Logarithm
XVII. Exponential and Logarithmic
 V.Derivatives
Equations
 VI. Polynomial Curves
XVIII. Derivatives of Logarithmic
 VII. Minima and Maxima and Exponential Functions
 VIII. Points of Inflection XIX. Parametric Equation
 IX. Sketching Curves XX. Graphing of Parametric
 X. Applications of Derivatives Equation
XXI. Rectilinear Motion
 XI. Differentials
XXII. Application of Parametric
 XII. Approximate Formulas Equations
LESSON 1-Functions And Their Graphs
 define a function
 differentiate an independent variable from a dependent variable
 Write a given statement relating variables in functional notation
 Evaluate a function at a given value of the independent variable
 Give the domain and range of a function
 Sketch the graph of a function in the xy –plane
 Perform indicated algebraic operations on functions
 Form the composite functions of given simple functions
 Determine simple functions that make up a given composite
functions
Definition of Functions

 Functions are considered as the main building

blocks of Calculus.
 It
provides the essential tool in applying
mathematical formulations in solving problems

Constant Variables
Functional Notation
y= f(X)
f indicates that a function exists
between variables x and y.
Using the given variables, translate the following statements
into functional notations. Identify the independent and
dependent variables for each statement:

1. The pressure p inside a pressure cooker is dependent on the

temperature T.
2. The price per unit C of a commodity is dependent on the
number of units u demanded by a consumer
3. The height of a child h depends on his/her age x in years.
4. The velocity v of a freely falling body depends on the time t.
5. In general, academic achievement S depends on the degree
of motivation m of the students.
 Evaluation of Functions
 It is the process of obtaining a single value of the
functions by substituting the independent variable
with the given values.
Example: When f(x)= 3x2-5x + 1, find:
a. f(0) b. f(-1) c. f(1) d. f(5-x)
f(x)= 3x2-5x + 1 if f(o) f(x)= 3x2-5x + 1 if f(1)
f(0)= 3(0)2-5(0) + 1 f(1)= 3(1)2-5(1) + 1
f(0)=0-0 + 1 f(1)=3-5+ 1
f(0)=1 f(1)=-1
f(x)= 3x2-5x + 1 if f(5-x)
f(x)= 3x2-5x + 1 if f(-1) f(5-x)= 3(5-x))2-5(5-x) + 1
f(-1)= 3(-1)2-5(-1) + 1 f(5-x)=75-30x+3x2-25+5x+1
f(-1)=3+ 5 + 1
f(5-x)=51-25x+3x2
f(-1)=8
Domain of the Function
 y=f(x)
 Domain of the function is the set where the values of the independent
variables is taken.
 Range the set of all possible values of y as x varies over the domain

• Finite Intervals
Interval Set
of Values
Infinite Intervals
Finite Intervals- are intervals whose endpoints are two fixed numbers a and b.

Case 1: Open Interval .The set of values of the variable x consists of real numbers
that lie between two fixed numbers a and b, where a and b are not included.

 Set Notation: Interval notation: (a,b) , where the

parentheses indicate that the
endpoints are not included

Number Line:

a b
Case 2: Closed Interval-The set of values of
real numbers between a and b including the
endpoints.
 Set Notation:  Interval notation:
Case 3:Half Open Interval. The set of values of
x including a but not the endpoint b.
 Set Notation: [ a,b)

Case 4:Half Open Interval. The set of values of x

including b but not the endpoint a.
 Set Notation:
Infinite Intervals are those set of values of real numbers
which are unbounded in at least one direction.

 Case1: The set of Real Numbers. This set includes all the positive numbers,
negative numbers and zero.
 Set Notation: {x|-  Interval Notation: (-

0
Case2: The set of Real Numbers greater than a.
  Set Notation: {x|   Interval Notation: (a

a
Case3: The set of numbers greater than or equal to a

  Set Notation: {x|x

a
Case 4: The set of numbers less than b
  Set Notation: {x|x

Case 5: The set of numbers less than or equal to b

  Set Notation: {x|x

b
 RESTRICTIONS ABOUT DOMAINS

RATIONAL
The do
FUNCTIONS functio
main o
f the
ns excl
those v udes
alues o
indepe f the
  variabl ndent
EX. f(x)= e that
make t will
denom he
inator
zero
 
D:{x|X
RESTRICTIONS ABOUT DOMAINS
 
Ex. h(x)=
Radical
Functions  
D:{x|X

The domain of this type of function does not

include those values of the independent
variable that will make the radicand (under
the radical sign )negative.
 Discuss the domain of each function:
1.  f(x)= 3x2-2x + 1 , x


 
2. g(x)= x 2 D:{x|X
 
 
D:{x|X}
3. h(x)=
 
D:{x|X
 
 
4. j(x)= D:{x|X X}
The graph of a Function
 Step to graph a given function:

1. Take representative values of x in the domain of the

function and solve for f(x). Then construct a table of values
for x and f(x).
2. Plot the points whose coordinates are the ordered pairs (x, f(x) )
from the table of values.

3. Join the plotted points in a plane with a straight line or

a smooth curve. Label the graph.
 Examples:
Sketch the graph of the following functions:
1. f(x)= 5 Constant Function
2. g(x)=x Identity Function

3. {  X, for x
h(x)= -x, for x < 0 Absolute Value Function

 
4. f(x)= Greatest Integer Function

  -2, for x
5. g(x)= {   x, for x Constant and Identity Function
1.f(X)=5 constant
function
2. f(x)=X Identity Function
h(x)= {   X, for x
Absolute Value Function
-x, for x < 0

 
4. f(x)=
   -2, for x
5. g(x)= {   x, for x Constant and Identity Function
Try: Sketch the graph of each functions:

1. f(x)= 4

2. h(x)= x2

3. w(x)= -x2
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
 Let
  f and g be two functions.
 1. The sum of two functions, f + g, is the function defined by
 (f+g)(x)= f(x)+g(x)
 2. The difference of two functions, f-g, is the function defined by
 (f-g)(x)= f(x)-g(x)
 3. The product of two functions, f
 (f)(x)= f(x)
 4. The quotient of two functions
 5. The product of a constant and a function, ( c is the function defined by
 ( c = c f(x)
Try: Ans. The following functions if f(x) = 3x2 -4x + 1
and g(x) = 3x-1 and h(x)= x-1:

  1. f+g
 2. f-h
 3. f – (g + h)
 4.
 5. g
 6. 5g
 7. 2(g)2
 Composition of Functions
 side from combining functions through the four fundamental operations, we
can also form combination of two or more functions.
 These are functions that are actually the combination of other functions
evaluated in succession
 Let two functions be f and g. The composition of f and g, denoted by f о g
(read as “f circle g”), is the function defined by

(f о g )(x) = f(g(x))

 Where the domain of f о g consists of all numbers x in
the domain of g for which g(x) is in the domain of f.

 Steps to evaluate composition (f о g )(x):

 1. Consider g(x) as the independent variable for f
 2. Substitute the expression representing g (x) to the independent variable of f.
 3. then simplify the resulting expression
Example: Find (f о g )(x) when f(x) =x2- 2x + 1 and g(x)= x + 1
 Find (f о g )(x) when f(x) =3x + 2 and g(x)= 1-x 1. (f о g )(x) = f(X + 1)
 1. Ihe independent variable in (f ( g )(x)) is g(x) 2. (f о g )(x) = (X + 1)2-2(X+1) + 1
3. (f о g )(x) = x2 + 2x + 1- 2x -2 + 1
 (f о g )(x) = f(1-x) (f о g )(x) = X2
 2. Substituting to the independent variable of f,
we have
 (f о g )(x)=3(1-x) + 2
3. Simplifying the expression,  
Given:
(f о g )(x)=3-3x +2 h(x)=
h(x)= f (g x))
(f о g )(x)= 5 + 2x Solution: Let us analyze the given function. It is defined
As the square root of the expression. We can let the
radicand define the function g and the radical function
Reaching at this point, you may now be f. That is
take the quiz then submit it to my gmail g(x)=x2-1 and f(x) =
account : [email protected] h(x)=
NOT following instruction means no quiz =
to check h(x)= f(g(x))