Ch 1.9e (Ch 1.

10)
Vector Integration
講者： 許永昌 老師

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Contents
Line Integrals: Fdr
Example: Work and Potential.
Other types: Fdr , f dr.
Surface Integrals Jds
Example: Flux, Moment of Inertia and area.
Other types: J  ds,  f ds.
Volume Integrals Vdt
Example: Volume of Rotated Gaussian.
Integral Definitions of Gradient, Divergence, and Curl

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 Line integrals
In Riemann integrals (
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannIntegral.html ),
line integrals can be written as
 CVdr=limDr 0iV(ri)Dri.
i

 CVdr=Vxdx+Vydy+Vzdz = CV//dr = CVdr//.

 f  x  x
b a

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx 
a b
lim
max x 0
i
i i

Physical applications: work, potential, etc.

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Example P59e (P56)
Path-Dependent Work
How about a curved path?
Geometric:
 The line integrals of path 1
B C
OA & OB =0 because of F 0.8

(ri) Dri.

Path 2
0.6

C 1
 Fdr   xdy  1. 0.4
 
A 0 x 1
Projection 0.2

C 1
 
0
Fdr 
  ydx  1. A
B
Projection
0 y 1 -0.2
O Path 1

F  r    yxˆ  xyˆ
-0.4

-0.6
Algebraic:
W   F dr   Fx dx   Fy dy -0.8 Force field

-1


   ydx   xdy
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
For this case
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Surface Integrals
Surface integral: n̂
Jds , where
 J: a vector. E.g. current density.
 ds : area element. ds=ndA.
 n: a unit normal vector to indicate the positive direction.

1. If the surface is a closed surface, we agree to take the out

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 Example: on the xy plane.
zˆ dxdy  xˆ  yˆ dxdy

Surface Integrals d   nˆ dA  or
 zˆ dxdy  yˆ  xˆ dxdy

In Riemann integral,
   n 
 J  r   dA  lim  J  rk   Ak ,

max Ak 0
k 1

where rk are an arbitrary point in the interval Ak .

êids= êindA=dAcosq.
The projection of the surface. ds êi

Jds =Jxdsx+ Jydsy+ Jzdsz.

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Surface integrals
 Jzdxdy=
x 1  y  1 x 2 
x1  y  1 x2 J z  x, y  dy  dx 
x 1 y  1 x 2
  J z  x, y  dxdy.
x 1 y  1 x 2

STOP TO THINK: 這裡的 x or y 的上下限有沒有甚麼限制 ( 上下限交換可以嗎？ ) ？

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Example: electric flux
Assume E  zˆ , what is the electric flux through the
green surface x2+y2+z2=1 & z0.

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Volume Integrals
Volume integrals are simpler because the volume elem
ent dt is a scalar quantity.

 Vd  x ˆ  Vx d  yˆ  Vy d  zˆ  Vz d .
 Frequently, the symbols d3r and d3x are used to denote a volum
e element in 3D coordinate space.
 The volume element dt :
 Make sure all the values of intervals (e.g. dx ) are non-negative.

 Cartesian coordinate: dxdydz.

 Cylindrical coordinate: rdrdfdz. P109e

rdf
 THINK OF THAT: Why?

 Spherical coordinate: r2sinqdrdqdf. P127e

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Integral Definitions of Gradient, Divergence
and Curl ds

  lim closed
d
  d 0  d


  V d 
V  lim
closed

  d 0  d


  V  lim
closed
d  V

  d 0  d
Point  Line  Area  Volume.

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 ẑ
ds >0
Integral Definitions of Gradient, Divergence z

and Curl
closed  d   xˆ closed  d x  yˆ closed  d y  zˆ closed  d z
                
d  can be smaller than 0.

 xˆ   d x   yˆ   d y  zˆ    x, y, zu     x, y , zd   d  z
closed closed
d z 0
dsz <0
  x, y , z 
 xˆ   d x  yˆ   d y  zˆ  dzd z
closed closed z 
0

   d  .
0

 
closed
V d   
closed
Vx d  x  
closed
Vy d  y  
closed
Vz d  z   Vd .

Vk
 d   V    ijk eˆ i  d jVk    ijk eˆ i  dx j d j     Vd .
closed ijk closed ijk x j
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Summary
Line integrals:
 Fdr   F dlproject

  Fproject dl
0
    F dx
i 1,2,3
i i .
can be a negative value   
In Cartesian Coordinate
Surface integrals:
 Vd    Vnˆ dA
 
0
  V dA
i 1,2,3
i i

Volume integrals:  Vd  xˆ  V d  yˆ  V d  zˆ  V d .

Symbols:
dr, ds and dt have told you the dimension of the integration element,
you can use only one  to represent the integration.
Closed loop:  Fdr
Closed surface:

Ed 
Gradient, divergence and curl can be defined by integrations. P66e
(P58). 12
Homework
1.9.3e (1.10.5)
1.9.4e (1.10.6)
Essential 那一本其實在內文與 exercises 都有不一樣
且不錯的題目可以練習。

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1.9 nouns
Riemann Integral: P59e: It is defined by subdividing
the curve into ever smaller segments whose number gr
ows indefinitely.
Mathematical symbols:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_mathematical_
symbols

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