Thermostat: Chapter 19

Chap 19: Thermal Properties
Thermostat
Rail lines buckled due to

unanticipated scorching
heat wave occurred in
Melbourne, Australia.
Chapter 19 -
Chapter 19:
Thermal Properties
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do materials respond to the application of heat?
• How do we define and measure...
-- heat capacity?
-- thermal expansion?
-- thermal conductivity?
-- thermal shock resistance?
• How do the thermal properties of ceramics, metals,
and polymers differ?
Chapter 19 - 2
Heat Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb heat
• Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in
temperature for one mole of a material.
energy input (J/mol)
heat capacity dQ
(J/mol-K) C
dT temperature change (K)
• Two ways to measure heat capacity:

Cp : Heat capacity at constant pressure.
Cv : Heat capacity at constant volume.
Solids: Cp = Cv Gases: C > C p v
J  Btu 
• Heat capacity has units of  
mol  K  lb  mol  F 
Chapter 19 - 3
Dependence of Heat Capacity on
Temperature
• Heat capacity...
-- increases with temperature
-- for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
R = gas constant 3R Cv = constant

= 8.31 J/mol-K
Cv
Adapted from Fig. 19.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
0 T (K)
0 D
Debye temperature
(usually less than T room )
• From atomic perspective:
-- Energy is stored as atomic vibrations.
-- As temperature increases, the average energy of
atomic vibrations increases. Chapter 19 - 4
Atomic Vibrations
Atomic vibrations are in the form of lattice waves or phonons.
A phonon is analogous to the photon in electromagnetic radiation.
Chapter 19 -
Specific Heat: Comparison
Material cp (J/kg-K)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 1925 cp (specific heat): (J/kg-K)
Polyethylene 1850 Cp (heat capacity): (J/mol-K)
Polystyrene 1170
Teflon 1050
increasing cp
• Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 940
Alumina (Al2O3) 775
Glass 840
• Metals
Aluminum 900
Steel 486 Selected values from Table 19.1,
Tungsten 138 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Gold 128
Chapter 19 - 6
Chapter 19 - 7
Thermal Expansion
Materials change size when temperature
is changed
Tinitial
 initial
Tfinal > Tinitial
Tfinal
 final
l final  l initial
  l (Tfinal Tinitial )
 l initial
linear coefficient of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/ºC)
 Chapter 19 -
Atomic Perspective: Thermal
Expansion
Asymmetric curve: Symmetric curve:

-- increase temperature, -- increase temperature,
-- increase in interatomic -- no increase in interatomic
separation separation
-- thermal expansion -- no thermal expansion
Adapted from Fig. 19.3, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Chapter 19 - 9
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:
Comparison
Material  (10-6/C)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 145-180 Polymers have larger
Polyethylene 106-198  values because of
Polystyrene 90-150 weak secondary bonds
Teflon 126-216
• Metals • Q: Why does 
increasing 
Aluminum 23.6 generally decrease

Steel 12 with increasing
Tungsten 4.5
bond energy?
Gold 14.2
• Ceramics A: The greater the
Magnesia (MgO) 13.5 bond energy, the
Alumina (Al2O3) 7.6
Soda-lime glass 9
deeper and more
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 0.4 narrow this potential
energy trough.Chapter 19 -10
Thermal Expansion: Example
Ex: A copper wire 15 m long is cooled from
40 to -9ºC. How much change in length will it
experience?
6  1
• Answer: For Cu 
  16.5 x 10 ( C)
rearranging Equation 19.3b

   0 T  [
16.5 x 10 6 (1/ C)](15 m)[ 40C  ( 9C)]
  0.012 m  12 mm
Chapter 19 -11
Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys
Invar means invariable length. Charles-Edouard Guillaume won the 1920
Nobel prize in physics for discovering Invar: 64 wt% Fe-36 wt% Ni.
As a specimen of Invar is heated, within its Curie temperature (~2300C),
its tendency to expand is countered by a contraction phenomenon that is
associated with its ferromagnetic properties (magnetostriction).
Super Invar: 63 wt% Fe, 32 wt%
Ni, and 5 wt% Co.
Kovar: 54 wt% Fe, 29 wt% Ni,

and 17 wt% Co. Its thermal
expansion is similar to that of
Pyrex glass.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoGBjGKlLcU
Chapter 19 - 12

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Chap 19: Thermal Properties

Rail lines buckled due to

• How do the thermal properties of ceramics, metals,

and polymers differ?

• Two ways to measure heat capacity:

R = gas constant 3R Cv = constant

Adapted from Fig. 19.2,

Asymmetric curve: Symmetric curve:

Aluminum 23.6 generally decrease

rearranging Equation 19.3b

Kovar: 54 wt% Fe, 29 wt% Ni,

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