A TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON

“NEAR FIELD
COMMUNICATION”
 
 Near Field
Communication
Contents
• Introduction
• Concept of Near and Far Field
• NFC Working
• NFC Technology
• Comparison with other Technologies
• Security Aspects
• Uses and Applications
Introduction
Easy to use wireless communication interface for
the last few centimeters
Easy to use target selection, by simply holding two
devices close to each other
NFC is as easy as….

… a touch
Wireless Short Range Communication
Technology
Based on RFID technology at 13,56 MHz
Operating distance typical up to 10 cm
Compatible with today’s field proven
contactless RFID technology
Data exchange rate today up to 424
kilobits/s
13,56MHz RF Link
Concept of Near and Far Field
• The near field and far field,
along with the transition zone
are regions in the field of
electromagnetic radiation
that emanates from an
antenna.
• The far-field, which extends
from about two wavelengths
from antenna
• the near-field, is inside about
one wavelength distance from
the antenna
 The fields for a magnetic
The fields from an electric dipole are dipole loop are
 Equations contain terms in 1/r, 1/r2, and 1/r3

 In the near field, the 1/r3 terms dominate the

equations. As the distance increases, the1/r3 and
1/r2 terms attenuate rapidly and, as a result, the 1/r
term dominates in the far field
 The equations define the boundary in wavelengths,
implying that the boundary moves in space with the
frequency of the antenna’s emissions.

 the distance where the 1/r and 1/r2 terms are equal is
the most commonly quoted near-field/far-field
boundary
NFC Working

• NFC communicates via magnetic field induction,

where two loop antennas are located within each
other's near field, effectively forming an air-core
transformer. It operates within the globally available
and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56
MHz, with a bandwidth of almost 2 MHz

13,56MHz RF
Link
NFC Technology
Communication Modes Initiator and Target

The NFC interface can operate • The initiator is the one who
in two different modes, wishes to communicate and
• Active Mode , starts the communication.
• Passive Mode • The target receives the
initiator’s communication
Initiator Target
request and sends back a
reply.
Active Mode Possible Possible

Passive Mode Not Possible Possible

 General Protocol Flow
Initialization Transport Protocol
• Collision avoidance • Activation of the protocol.
• Selection of Targets Request for the Attributes &
• Type of communication Parameter Selection
mode • Data Exchange Protocol
• Selection of speed • Deactivation
NFC Protocol
Operating Modes of NFC
• PEER-TO-PEER MODE (NFC):
This mode is the classic NFC mode, allowing data connection for up to 424
Kbit/sec. The electromagnetic properties and the protocol (NFCIP-1) are
standardized in ISO 18092 and ECMA 320/340.
 
• 4.5.2 READER/WRITER MODE (PCD):
NFC devices can be used as a reader/writer for tags and smart cards. In this case
the NFC device acts as an initiator and the passive tag is the target. In
reader/writer mode data rates of 106 Kbit/sec are possible.
 
• 4.5.3 TAG EMULATION MODE (PICC):
In this mode the NFC device emulates an ISO 14443 smart card or a smart card
chip integrated in the mobile devices is connected to the antenna of the NFC
module. A legacy reader can’t distinguish a mobile phone operating in tag
emulation mode from an ordinary smart card.
This is an advantage of NFC technology as already existing reader infrastructures
do not need to be replaced. The smart card chip used for tag emulation is also
referred to as secure element.
CODING AND MODULATION

• The distinction between active and passive

devices specifies the way data is transmitted.
• Passive devices encode data always with
Manchester coding and a 10%ASK1.
 CODING AND MODULATION
• active devices one distinguishes between the modified Miller
coding with 100% modulation if the data rate is 106 kbps, and
the Manchester coding using a modulation ratio of 10% if the
data rate is greater than 106 kbps.
• The modulation ratio using modified Miller coding is of high
importance for the security of the NFC data transfer.
Unique Features
• The devices can rely on the protocol to be inherently secured
since the devices must be placed very close to each other.
• It is easy to control whether the two devices communicate by
simply placing them next to each other or keeping them
apart.
• The procedure of establishing the protocol is inherently
familiar to people: you want something to communicate –
touch it. This allows for the establishment of the network
connection between the devices be completely automated
and happen in a transparent manner.
• the protocol can be used easily in conjunction with other
protocols to select devices and automate connection set-up.
NFC Comparison with other Technologies
NFC and RFID Bluetooth AND Infrared
• Backward compatibility with RFID • NFC simplifies the way consumer
systems devices interact with one another
• NFC hardware can include a secure and obtains faster connections.
element for improved security in • The connection between two NFC
critical applications such as payments devices is established at once (<0,1s).
• NFC also provides peer-to-peer
communication
NFC compared with Bluetooth and IrDA
NFC-BLUETOOTH BRIDGE SYSTEM
• The NFC-Bluetooth Bridge is a
separate electronic device with
two different air interfaces:
Bluetooth (BT) and NFC. In our
prototype development, the
serial NFC PN531 module from
Philips Electronics was used to
provide the NFC air interface, and
the serial Initium Promi SD102
Bluetooth adapter was used to
provide the Bluetooth air
interface.
• NFC provides network switching
Security Aspects

• Eavesdropping
• Data Destruction
• Data Modification
• Data Insertion
• Man-in-the-Middle-Attack
 Uses and Applications

Uses

• card emulation: the NFC

device behaves like an existing
contactless card
• reader mode: the NFC device
is active and read a passive
RFID tag, for example for
interactive advertising
• P2P mode: two NFC devices
are communicating together
and exchanging information.
Applications
• Mobile ticketing in public transport — an extension of the
existing contactless infrastructure.
• Mobile payment — the device acts as a debit/ credit payment
card.
• Smart poster — the mobile phone is used to read RFID tags on
outdoor billboards in order to get info on the move. 
• Bluetooth pairing — in the future pairing of Bluetooth 2.1 devices
with NFC support will be as easy as bringing them close together
and accepting the pairing. The process of activating Bluetooth on
both sides, searching, waiting, pairing and authorization will be
replaced by a simple "touch" of the mobile phones.
Future Applications
• Electronic ticketing — airline tickets, concert/event tickets, and
others
• Electronic money
• Travel cards
• Identity documents
• Mobile commerce
• Electronic keys — car keys, house/office keys, hotel room keys,
etc.
• NFC can be used to configure and initiate other wireless network
connections such as Bluetooth , Wi-Fi or Ultra-wideband.
• NFC for Health Monitoring in Daily Life.
Electronic Transactions
• Exchange business cards, Pay bus or train or
air fare, Parking Tickets, Pay at Kiosks, Pay and
purchase at Point of Sale Terminals
Peripheral Interface
• Download music or video from a smart poster.
• Access controls in office, hotels, airports, print
receipts to printer
Conclusion

• Near Field Communication is an efficient

technology for communications with short ranges.
• It offers an intuitive and simple way to transfer
data between electronic devices.
• A significant advantage of this technique is the
compatibility with existing RFID infrastructures.
• Additionally, it would bring benefits to the setup
of longer-range wireless technologies, such as
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi.
Questions…………?