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Lewis Dot Structures and Molecular Geometries: Dr. Walker

Lewis dot structures and molecular geometries are used to represent valence electrons and molecular shapes. Lewis dot structures show the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons. The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model is used to determine molecular geometries such as linear, bent, trigonal planar, trigonal pyramidal, and tetrahedral. Polar and nonpolar bonds and molecules can be identified based on differences in electronegativity and the symmetry of electron distribution.

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Christine Ano-os Rone
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182 views35 pages

Lewis Dot Structures and Molecular Geometries: Dr. Walker

Lewis dot structures and molecular geometries are used to represent valence electrons and molecular shapes. Lewis dot structures show the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons. The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model is used to determine molecular geometries such as linear, bent, trigonal planar, trigonal pyramidal, and tetrahedral. Polar and nonpolar bonds and molecules can be identified based on differences in electronegativity and the symmetry of electron distribution.

Uploaded by

Christine Ano-os Rone
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lewis Dot Structures and

Molecular Geometries
Dr. Walker
What will you know? What will
you do?
• (3c) ·Lewis dot diagrams are used to represent valence electrons in an
element. Structural formulas show the arrangements of atoms and bonds in a
molecule and are represented by Lewis dot structures.
• Draw Lewis dot diagrams to represent valence electrons in elements and draw
Lewis dot structures to show covalent bonding.
• Use valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model to draw and name
molecular shapes (bent, linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and trigonal
pyramidal).
• Polar bonds form between elements with very different electronegativities.
Non-polar bonds form between elements with similar electronegativities.
• Polar molecules result when electrons are distributed unequally.
• Recognize polar molecules and non-polar molecules.
• (6a) · Draw Lewis dot structures, identify geometries, and describe polarities
of the following molecules: CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, CH3CH2OH, CH2O, C6H6,
CH3COOH.
Lewis Dot Structures
• Created by Gilbert Lewis in 1916

• Shows structural formulas for compounds


– Arrangement of atoms and bonds within a
compound
Structural formula for
Methane, CH4
Lewis Dot Structures
• Uses valence electrons
• One dot = one valence electron
• One dash = a covalent bond = two electrons
Lewis Dot Structures

http://www.roymech.co.uk/images14/lewis_elements.gif
Practice
• How many dots will the following elements
contain?
– Fluorine

– Boron

– Carbon
Practice
• How many dots will the following elements
contain?
– Fluorine
• 7
– Boron
• 3
– Carbon
• 4
• Equal to number of valence electrons
– For main groups, equal to last number of group
number
Lewis Structures
• Lewis structures show how valence electrons are
arranged among atoms in a molecule.

• Lewis structures reflect the idea that stability of a


compound relates to the octet rule

• Shared electrons pairs are covalent bonds and can


be represented by two dots (:) or by a single line
(-)
HONC, HONC..
• The HONC Rule
– Hydrogen (and Halogens) form one covalent bond
– Oxygen (and sulfur) form two covalent bonds
• One double bond, or two single bonds
– Nitrogen (and phosphorus) form three covalent
bonds
• One triple bond, or three single bonds, or one double bond
and one single bond
– Carbon (and silicon) form four covalent bonds.
• Two double bonds, or four single bonds, or one triple and
one single, or one double and two singles
Lewis Dot Structures -
Compounds
• Make the atom wanting the most bonds the central atom
(if more than 2 total atoms)

• Draw proper number of dots (= valence electrons around


each atom).

• Join atoms on the outside with the central atom using


electron pairs, obeying the HONC rule

• Make sure every atom has a full valence shell (2 e- for H, 8


for everything else)
– Boron the only exception we’ll cover, he gets 6 valence
electrons
Additional Note on Octet Rule
• Atoms in the third row and below can
disobey the octet rule at various times.
We will not cover those structures in this
course. (DE anyone?)
– This is for a simplification of material with a
degree of honesty.
Examples – On Board
• H2O
• NH3
• BH3
• CCl4
• CO2
• HCN
• Diatomics
Examples
Carbon Based Molecules
• With multiple carbon compounds, connect
carbons together
• Arrange other elements around carbon, fill
octets
Carbon Based Molecules
• Practice (on board)
– C2H6
– C2H4
– C2H5OH
– Formaldehyde (CH2O)
Carbon Based Molecules

Ethyne
Ethane Ethene

Formaldehyde
Ethanol
Carbon Based Molecules

Benzene Acetic Acid


Molecular Geometry
• Based on Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR) theory

• Electron pairs around a central atom


arrange themselves so they can be as far
apart as possible from each other.
Molecular Geometry
• You will be responsible for five molecular shapes
• Compounds take a three-dimensional shape
based on:
– Number of atoms attached
– Number of unbonded electrons present
• These are general rules for binary compounds
– There are always exceptions!!! (including
organics)
Linear

• Carbon is central atom


• Surrounded by two oxygen atoms
• No unbonded electrons on carbon
• Look for AX2 geometry
– Central atom is group 14
Bent

• Oxygen is central atom


– Central atom is typically group 16.
• Surrounded by two atoms (H or halogen)
• Two unbonded electron pairs on oxygen,
push hydrogens out of the plane
Bent vs. Linear
What’s The Difference?
• Both have a similar
Unbonded electrons formula (AX2)
on oxygen
• Look at the central atom No unbonded electrons
on carbon
– If the element is group
14, it is linear

– If the element is group Linear


Bent 16, it is bent

– Look for presence or


absence of unbonded
electrons
Write all

Trigonal Pyramidal

• Nitrogen surrounded by three hydrogen atoms (or


halogens)
• One pair of unbonded electrons, push hydrogens
out of plane
http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104/lesson9images/molecshapes4.jpg
http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/melissagetz/images/trig_pyr_top.jpg
Trigonal Planar

• Boron is central atom surrounded by three


fluorine atoms (or H or other halogen)
• Boron can defy octet rule, happy with six
electrons
• No unbonded electrons on boron, fluorine atoms
stay within a single plane
Planar vs. Pyramidal
• Both have similar formula (AX3)

• Look at the central atom


– If it has unbonded electrons, it
will be trigonal pyramidal
– If it doesn’t have unbonded No unbonded
electrons (only boron!), it will Electrons on boron
be trigonal planar
Tetrahedral

• AX4 formula
• Carbon (or silicon) surrounded by four hydrogens
(or halogens)
• Only shape we’re concerned with four
surrounding atoms
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/204tetrahedral.html
Molecular Geometry Diagram Description Example

Linear(AX2) 2 outside atoms CO2


0 lone pairs

2 outside atoms
Bent (AX2) 2 lone pairs
H2O

3 outside atoms BF3


trigonal planar 0 lone pairs
(AX3, A = boron)
4 outside atoms CH4
Tetrahedral (AX4)
0 lone pairs

trigonal 3 outside atoms NH3


pyramidal (AX3) 1 lone pair
Write all

Polarity
– Bond Polarity

• Difference in electronegativity
between two atoms in a chemical
bond
• Unequal sharing of electrons between elements
Write all

Bond Polarity
• Ionic
– Elements on opposite sides of periodic table (metal +
nonmetal)
– Examples
• NaCl, LiF, ZnCl
• Polar Covalent (unequal sharing)
– Two elements on right side (both nonmetals) of periodic
table
– C-O, S-O, P-Br
• Nonpolar covalent (equal sharing)
– Two of the same element on the right side of the periodic
table
– H-H, Cl-Cl, O=O
Write all

Molecular Polarities
• Polar molecules occur when electrons are NOT
distributed equally
• Look for symmetry within molecule
– Only one line of symmetry – Polar molecule
• Polar shapes
– Trigonal pyramidal
– Bent
• These rules will apply regardless of the number of
atoms on the molecule with these shapes
Write all
Molecular Polarities
• Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are
distributed equally
• Look for symmetry within molecule
– More than one line of symmetry – Nonpolar molecule
• Nonpolar shapes
– Linear
– Trigonal Planar
– Tetrahedral
• These are just guidelines for binary compounds
(two elements). Compounds with multiple
elements and organics do not apply to these
rules.
Skills to Master
• Drawing Lewis dot structures from a given
molecular formula
• Assigning a shape based on a molecular
formula (or Lewis dot structure)
• Determine whether a bond is polar or
nonpolar
• Determine whether a molecule is polar or
nonpolar based on formula (or Lewis dot
structure)
Terms To Know
• Lewis Dot Structure
• Structural formula
• Linear
• Bent
• Trigonal pyramidal
• Trigonal planar
• Tetrahedral
• Polarity
• Electronegativity (review)
• Polar
• Polar covalent
• Nonpolar
• Nonpolar covalent

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