Credit: Kim Fogler

Animal Nutrition

AP Biology 2006-2007
 What do animals need to live?
 Animals make energy
using:
 food food
 oxygen

 Animals build bodies

using: ATP
 food for raw materials O
2
 amino acids, sugars,
fats, nucleotides
 ATP energy for synthesis
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 Nutritional requirements
 Animals are heterotrophs
 need to take in food
 Why? fulfills 3 needs…

 fuel = chemical energy for production of ATP

 raw materials = carbon source for synthesis
 essential nutrients = animals cannot make
 elements (N, P, K, Fe, Na, K, Ca...), NAD, FAD, etc.

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 How do animals get their food?

filter (suspension) feeding substrate feeding

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fluid feeding bulk feeding
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 Different diets; different lives
 All animals eat other organisms
 Herbivores
 eat mainly plants
 gorillas, cows,
rabbits, snails
 Carnivores
 eat other animals
 sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes
 Omnivores
 eat animals & plants
 cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans
 humans evolved as hunters, scavengers & gatherers
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AP Biology
 Getting & Using Food
 Ingest
 taking in food
 Digest
 mechanical digestion
 breaking up food into smaller pieces
intracellular
 chemical digestion digestion
 breaking down food into molecules
small enough to be absorbed into cells
 enzymes (hydrolysis)
 Absorb
 absorb across cell membrane
 diffusion
 active transport
 Eliminate
 undigested extracellular material
extracellular
AP Biology passes out of digestive system digestion
 Digestive systems
Everybody’s got one!

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 Human digestive system
Alimentary Canal

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 Common processes & structures
 Movement & Control
 peristalsis
 push food along by rhythmic waves of
smooth muscle contraction in walls of
digestive system
 sphincters
 muscular ring-like valves, regulate the
passage of material between sections of
digestive system
 Accessory glands
 salivary glands, pancreas, liver & gall
bladder
 secrete digestive juices (enzymes & fluid)
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 Swallowing (& not choking)

 Epiglottis
 problem: breathe & swallow through same orifice
 flap of cartilage
 closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
 food travels down esophagus
 Esophagus
 move
AP Biology food along to stomach by peristalsis
 Ingestion
 Mouth
 mechanical digestion
 teeth
 breaking up food
 chemical digestion
 saliva
 amylase
 enzyme digests starch
 mucin
 slippery protein (mucus)

 protects soft lining of digestive system

 lubricates food for easier swallowing

 buffers
 neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay

 anti-bacterial chemicals
 kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
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 mouth
break up food
moisten food
digest starch
kill germs

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 Ooooooh!
Stomach Zymogen!

Functions
 food storage
 can stretch to fit ~2L food
 disinfect food
 HCl = pH 2
 kills bacteria
 breaks apart cells
 chemical digestion
 pepsin
 enzyme breaks down proteins
 secreted as pepsinogen
 activated by HCl

But the stomach is made out of protein!

What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects
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stomach lining
 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
moisten food store food
digest starch break up food
kill germs digest proteins

cardiac
sphincter

pyloric
sphincter

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 Coevolution of parasite & host
Ulcers Colonized by Free of
H. pylori
H. pylori
 Used to think
ulcers were
caused by stress inflammation of
stomach
inflammation of
esophagus
 tried to control with
antacids
H. pylori
 Now know ulcers
caused by
bacterial inflammatory
proteins
cell damaging
proteins
(VacA)
infection of (CagA)

stomach
 Helicobacter pylori cytokines
helper T cells
 now cure with
neutrophil cells
antibiotics white blood cells

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 1982 | 2005
Revolutionizing healthcare
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role
in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"

Helicobacter pylori
J. Robin Warren

Barry Marshall
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 Small intestine
 Function
 major organ of digestion & absorption
 chemical digestion
 digestive enzymes
 absorption through lining
 over 6 meters!
 small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size
of tennis court)

 Structure
 3 sections
 duodenum = most digestion
 jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water
 ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
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 Duodenum
 1st section of small intestines
 acid food from stomach mixes with
digestive juices from accessory glands:
 pancreas
 liver
 gall bladder

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 What stops
Ooooooh!
pancreas
fromZymogen !
Pancreas digesting
itself
 Digestive enzymes
 peptidases
 trypsin
 trypsinogen
 chymotrypsin small intestines
 chimotrypsinogen
 carboxypeptidase
 procarboxypeptidase
 pancreatic amylase
 Buffers
 reduces acidity
 alkaline solution rich in
bicarbonate (HCO3-) Explain
Explain how
how this
this is
is aa
 buffers acidity of material from molecular
molecular example
example of of
AP Biology stomach structure-function
structure-function theme.
theme.
 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
moisten food break up food
digest starch digest proteins
kill germs store food

pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

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 Liver
 Digestive System Functions
 produces bile
 stored in gallbladder until needed
 breaks up fats
 act like detergents to breakup fats

Circulatory System
Connection
bile contains
colors from old
red blood cells
collected in liver =
iron
iron in
in RBC
RBC rusts
rusts &
&
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makes feces
makes feces brown
brown
 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
moisten food break up food
digest starch digest proteins
kill germs store food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall
bladder
break up fats

pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

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 Digestive enzymes

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 Absorption by Small Intestines
 Absorption through villi & microvilli
 finger-like projections
 increase surface area for absorption

Ooooh…
Structure-Function
theme!

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 Absorption of Nutrients
 Passive transport
 fructose
 Active (protein pumps) transport
 pump amino acids, vitamins & glucose
 against concentration gradients across
intestinal cell membranes
 allows intestine to absorb much higher
proportion of nutrients in the intestine than
would be possible with passive diffusion
 worth the cost of ATP!
nutrients are valuable…
AP Biology grab all you can get!
 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
moisten food break up food
digest starch digest proteins
kill germs store food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall
bladder
break up fats small intestines
breakdown all foods
pancreas - proteins
produces enzymes to - starch
digest proteins & starch - fats
- nucleic acids
absorb nutrients

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 Large intestines (colon)
 Function
 re-absorb water
 use ~9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices
 > 90% of water reabsorbed
 not enough water absorbed
back to body
 diarrhea

 too much water absorbed back to body

 constipation

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 You’ve got
company!
Flora of large intestines
 Living in the large intestine is a rich
flora of harmless, helpful bacteria
 Escherichia coli (E. coli)
 a favorite research organism
 bacteria produce vitamins
 vitamin K; biotin, folic acid & other B vitamins
 generate gases
 by-product of bacterial
metabolism
 methane, hydrogen sulfide

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 Rectum
 Last section of colon (large intestines)
 eliminate feces
 undigested materials
Tell them  extracellular waste
about the rabbits,  mainly cellulose from plants
George!
 roughage or fiber
 salts
 masses of
bacteria
appendix
AP Biology
 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
moisten food break up food
digest starch digest proteins
kill germs store food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall
bladder
break up fats small intestines
breakdown food
pancreas - proteins
produces enzymes to - starch
digest proteins & carbs - fats
absorb nutrients

large intestines
AP Biology absorb water
 Appendix
Vestigial organ

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AP Biology 2006-2007