WELCOME TO

CCNA 2/3/4

Some important info to follow

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
 Before we begin....
 Practical Periods
–Attend your session
–onlines and prac time

 Assessment Criteria
–Semester Test
–Online Chapter Tests
–Must attend 80% of prac classes
–Skills and online final exams

 What to do when you are stuck....

 Questions?

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Configuring Network Devices &
Introduction to Routing
 The purpose of Cisco IOS Software

 As with a computer, a router or switch cannot function without an operating

system.
 Cisco calls its operating system the Cisco Internetwork Operating System or
Cisco IOS.

The Cisco IOS provides the following network services:

 Basic routing and switching functions
 Reliable and secure access to networked resources
 Network scalability
 Router user interface
The Cisco IOS software uses a command-line interface
(CLI) as the traditional console environment.
This environment is accessible through several methods:
Console
AUX port (modem)
Telnet
 Router user interface modes

 The IOS provides a command interpreter service known as the command

executive (EXEC).
 After each command is entered, the EXEC validates and executes the
command.
 The levels are user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode.
 Cisco IOS software features

Although there are numerous IOS images for different Cisco device models and
feature sets, the basic configuration command structure is the same.
The naming convention for the different Cisco IOS releases contains three parts:
•The platform on which the image runs
•The special features supported in the image
•Where the image runs and whether it has been zipped or compressed
 Operation of Cisco IOS Software

The Cisco IOS devices have three distinct operating environments or

modes:
•ROM monitor
•Boot ROM
•Cisco IOS
Troubleshooting command line errors
Help is at hand…..
When in doubt use the ? to see what command option
are available
Examining the initial router bootup
Examining the initial router bootup
Examining the initial router bootup

no
 Device management

 Out-of-band management requires a computer to be directly connected to the

console port or auxiliary port (AUX) of the network device being configured.
 Use in-band management to monitor and make configuration changes to a
network device over a network connection.
Establishing a HyperTerminal session
Router

Console
port
Terminal or
Rollover a PC with
cable terminal
emulation
software
Com1 or Com2 serial
port
Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router:
 Connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 or RJ-45
to DB-25 adapter.
 Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no
parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
Establishing a HyperTerminal session

Important: A console connection is not the same as a

network connection!
 Logging into the router

 Two commands can be used to set a password used to access privileged

EXEC mode: enable password and enable secret
 The following are specific modes that can also be accessed from the
global configuration mode:
Interface
Subinterface
Line
Router
16
Keyboard help in the router CLI

17
Keyboard help in the router CLI
 Enhanced editing commands

Ctrl-Z is a command used to back out of configuration

mode. This will return the user to the privileged EXEC
mode prompt.
 Router command history

terminal history size: maximum number of

commands is 256
 Router as a Computer
 The basic purpose of a router
-Computers that specialize in sending packets over the
data network. They are responsible for interconnecting
networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel
and forwarding packets to their destination
 Routers are the network center
-Routers generally have 2 types of connections:
-WAN connection (Connection to ISP)
-LAN connection
 Router as a Computer
Data is sent in form of packets between 2 end devices
Routers are used to direct packet to its destination
 Router as a Computer
Routers examine a packet’s destination IP address and
determine the best path by enlisting the aid of a routing table
Router components and their functions
CPU - Executes operating system instructions

Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy of configuration

file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost when power is off

Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used when router is

powered up. Stores the router’s bootstrap program.

Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration. This may include

IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname of router)

Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS)

Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect
network. Examples of interface types:
-Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces
-Serial interfaces
-Management interfaces
Router components
Major phases to the router boot-up
process
Test router hardware
Power-On Self Test (POST)
Execute bootstrap loader
Locate & load Cisco IOS
software
-Locate IOS
-Load IOS
Locate & load startup
configuration file or enter
setup mode
-Bootstrap program looks
for configuration file
Verify the router boot-up process
The show version command is used to view
information about the router during the bootup
process. Information includes:
 Platform model number
 Image name & IOS version
 Bootstrap version stored in ROM
 Image file name & where it was loaded from
 Number & type of interfaces
 Amount of NVRAM
 Amount of flash
 Configuration register
Info we can see at boot time
 Router Interfaces
Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a
router to send or receive packets
Each interface connects to a separate network
Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router
Types of router interfaces:
-Ethernet
-Fastethernet
-Serial
-DSL
-ISDN
-Cable
 Router Interfaces
 Two major groups of Router Interfaces
LAN Interfaces:
 Are used to connect router to LAN
network
 Has a layer 2 MAC address
 Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address
 Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack

 WAN Interfaces
Are used to connect routers to external networks that
interconnect LANs.
Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2
address may be used.
Uses a layer 3 IP address
Routers and the Network Layer
Routers use destination IP address to forward packets
 The path a packet takes is determined after a router consults
information in the routing table.
 After router determines the best path
 Packet is encapsulated into a frame
 Frame is then placed on network medium in form of Bits
Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2 & 3
Router receives a stream of encoded bits
Bits are decoded and passed to layer 2
Router de-encapsulates the frame
Remaining packet passed up to layer 3
Routing decision made at this layer by examining destination IP address
Packet is then re-encapsulated & sent out outbound interface
Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
When designing a new network or mapping an existing
network you must provide the following information in
the form of a document:
-Topology drawing that Illustrates physical connectivity
Address table that provides the following information:
 Device name
 Interfaces used
 IP addresses
 Default gateway
 Basic Router Configuration
 A basic router configuration should contain the following:
-Router name - Host name should be unique
-Banner - At a minimum, banner should warn
against unauthorized use
-Passwords - Use strong passwords
-Interface configurations - Specify interface type,
IP address and subnet mask. Describe purpose of
interface. Issue no shutdown command. If DCE
serial interface issue clock rate command.
 After entering in the basic configuration the following tasks
should be completed
-Verify basic configuration and router operations.
-Save the changes on a router
 Configure Devices and Apply Addresses
Verify Basic Router Configuration
-Issue the show running-config command
-Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy
running-config startup-config command
-Additional commands that will enable you to further
verify router configuration are:
 Show running-config - Displays configuration currently in RAM
 Show startup-config - Displays configuration file NVRAM
 Show IP route - Displays routing table
 Show interfaces - Displays all interface configurations
 Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated interface configuration
information
 Routing Table Structure
Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information
about:
Directly connected networks - this occurs when a device
is connected to another router interface
Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is
not directly connected to a particular router
Detailed information about the networks include source
of information, network address & subnet mask, and Ip
address of next-hop router
Show ip route command is used to view a routing table
Routing Table Structure
Router interfaces
 Each router interface is a member of a different network
 Activated using the no shutdown command
 In order for static and dynamic routes to exist in routing
table you must have directly connected networks
 Static Routes
Static routes in the routing table
-Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP
address of next hop router or exit interface
-Denoted with the code S in the routing table
-Routing tables must contain directly connected networks
used to connect remote networks before static or dynamic
routing can be used
When to use static routes
-When network only consists of a few routers
-Network is connected to internet only through one ISP
-Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network
Connected and Static routes
 Dynamic routing protocols
Dynamic routing protocols
-Used to add remote networks to a routing table
-Are used to discover networks
-Are used to update and maintain routing tables
Automatic network discovery
-Routers are able discover new networks by sharing routing table
information
Maintaining routing tables
-Dynamic routing protocols are used to share routing information with other router & to
maintain and up date their own routing table.
 IP routing protocols. Example of routing protocols include:
-RIP
-IGRP
-EIGRP
-OSPF
Connected. Static and Dynamic
Routing Table Principles
3 principles regarding routing tables:
 Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the
information it has in its routing table.
 Different routing table may contain different
information
 A routing table can tell how to get to a destination but
not how to get back
Effects of the 3 Routing Table Principles
-Packets are forwarded through the network from one router to
another, on a hop by hop basis.
-Packets can take path “X” to a destination but return via path “Y”
(Asymmetric routing).
 Internet Protocol (IP) packet
Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that
provide information about the packet and the sending
and receiving hosts
Fields that are importance for CCNA students:
-Destination IP address
-Source IP address
-Version & TTL
-IP header length
-Precedence & type of service
-Packet length
Internet Protocol (IP)
 MAC Layer Frame Format
MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They
include:
-Preamble
-Start of frame delimiter
-Destination MAC address
-Source MAC address
-Type/length
-Data and pad
-Frame check sequence
MAC Layer Frame Format
 Router Metrics
 A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols help determine the
best path to a destination
The smaller the metric value the better the path
 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are:
-Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel through to
get to its destination
-Bandwidth - this is the “speed” of a link also known as the data capacity
of a link
 Router Paths with Equal Metrics
 Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths to the
same destination that all have the same metric
 To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load Balancing.
This means the router sends packets over the multiple exit interfaces
listed in the routing table.
 Router Paths and Packet Switching
 Path determination is a process used by a router to pick the best path to
a destination
 One of 3 path determinations results from searching for the best path
Directly connected network
Remote network
No route determined
 Router Packet Switching
Switching Function of Router is the process used
by a router to switch a packet from an incoming
interface to an outgoing interface on the same
router.
-A packet received by a router will do the
following:
Strips off layer 2 headers.
Examines destination IP address located in Layer
3 header to find best route to destination.
Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame.
Forwards frame out exit interface.
As a packet travels from one networking
device to another
-The Source and Destination IP addresses NEVER change
-The Source & Destination MAC addresses CHANGE as
packet is forwarded from one router to the next.
-TTL field decrement by one until a value of zero is
reached at which point router discards packet (prevents
packets from endlessly traversing the network)
 A Day in the life of a Packet

PC1 Wants to send something to PC 2 here is part of what

happens
Step 1 - PC1 encapsulates packet into a frame. Frame contains
R1’s destination MAC address
A Day in the life of a Packet
Step 2 - R1 receives Ethernet frame.
 R1 sees that destination MAC address matches its own MAC.
 R1 then strips off Ethernet frame.
 R1 Examines destination IP.
 R1 consults routing table looking for destination IP.
 After finding destination IP in routing table, R1 now looks up next
hop IP address.
 R1 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame.
 R1 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/1 interface.
A Day in the life of a Packet
A Day in the life of a Packet
 Path determination and switching function details. PC1 Wants to send
something to PC 2 here is part of what happens
Step 3 - Packet arrives at R2
 R2 receives Ethernet frame
 R2 sees that destination MAC address matches its own MAC
 R2 then strips off Ethernet frame
 R2 Examines destination IP
 R2 consults routing table looking for destination IP
 After finding destination IP in routing table, R2 now looks up next
hop IP address
 R2 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new data link frame
 R2 forwards Ethernet packet out S0/0 interface
A Day in the life of a Packet
Step 4 - Packet arrives at R3
 R3 receives PPP frame
 R3 then strips off PPP frame
 R3 Examines destination IP
 R3 consults routing table looking for destination IP
 After finding destination IP in routing table, R3 is directly connected to
destination via its fast Ethernet interface
 R3 re-encapsulates IP packet with a new Ethernet frame
 R3 forwards Ethernet packet out Fa0/0 interface
Step 5 - IP packet arrives at PC2. Frame is decapsulated &
processed by upper layer protocols.
Summary
 Routers are computers that specialize in sending data over a network.
 Routers are composed of:
-Hardware i.e. CPU, Memory, System bus, Interfaces
-Software used to direct the routing process
 IOS
 Configuration file
 Routers need to be configured. Basic configuration consists of:
-Router name
-Router banner
-Password(s)
-Interface configurations i.e. IP address and subnet mask
 Routing tables contain the following information
-Directly connected networks
-Remotely connected networks
-Network addresses and subnet masks
-IP address of next hop address
 Summary
Routers determine a packets path to its destination by
doing the following
Receiving an encapsulated frame & examining destination
MAC address.
If the MAC address matches then Frame is de-encapsulated
so that router can examine the destination IP address.
If destination IP address is in routing table or there is a
static route then Router determines next hop IP address.
Router will re-encapsulate packet with appropriate layer 2
frame and send it out to next destination.
Process continues until packet reaches destination.
Note - only the MAC addresses will change the source and
destination IP addresses do not change.